THE VITAL MESSAGEBY ARTHUR CONAN DOYLEPREFACEIn "The New Revelation" the first dawn of the coming changehas been described. In "The Vital Message" the sun has risenhigher and one sees more clearly and broadly what our newrelations with the Unseen may be. As I look into the future ofthe human race I am reminded of how once from amid the bleakchaos of rock and snow at the head of an Alpine pass. I lookeddown upon the far stretching view of Lombardy shimmering in thesunshine and extending in one splendid panorama of blue lakes andgreen rolling hills until it melted into the golden haze whichdraped the far horizon. Such a promised land is at our very feetwhich when we attain it will make our present civilisation seembarren and uncouth. Already our vanguard is well over the pass. Nothing can now prevent us from reaching that wonderful landwhich stretches so clearly before those eyes which are opened tosee it. That stimulating writer. V. C. Desertis has remarked thatthe Second Coming which has always been timed to followArmageddon may be fulfilled not by a descent of the spiritual tous but by the ascent of our material plane to the spiritual andthe blending of the two phases of existence. It is at least afascinating speculation. But without so complete an overthrow ofthe partition walls as this would imply we know enough already toassure ourselves of such a close approximation as will surelydeeply modify all our views of science of religion and of life. What form these changes may take and what the evidence is uponwhich they will be founded are briefly set forth in this volume. ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE. CROWBOROUGH,July. 1919. CONTENTSCHAPTERI THE TWO NEEDFUL READJUSTMENTSII THE DAWNING OF THE LIGHTIII THE GREAT ARGUMENTIV THE COMING WORLDV IS IT THE SECOND DAWN?APPENDICESA. DR. GELEY'S EXPERIMENTSB. A PARTICULAR INSTANCEC. SPIRIT PHOTOGRAPHYD. THE CLAIRVOYANCE OF MRS. B. THE VITAL MESSAGECHAPTER ITHE TWO NEEDFUL READJUSTMENTSIt has been our fate among all the innumerable generationsof mankind to face the most frightful calamity that has everbefallen the world. There is a basic fact which cannot bedenied and should not be overlooked. For a most importantdeduction must immediately follow from it. That deduction isthat we who have borne the pains shall also learn the lessonwhich they were intended to convey. If we do not learn it andproclaim it then when can it ever be learned and proclaimed,since there can never again be such a spiritual ploughing andharrowing and preparation for the seed? If our souls weariedand tortured during these dreadful five years of selfsacrificeand suspense can show no radical changes then whatsouls will ever respond to a fresh influx of heavenlyinspiration? In that case the state of the human race wouldindeed be hopeless and never in all the coming centuries wouldthere be any prospect of improvement. Why was this tremendous experience forced upon mankind?Surely it is a superficial thinker who imagines that the greatDesigner of all things has set the whole planet in a ferment andstrained every nation to exhaustion in order that this or thatfrontier be moved or some fresh combination be formed in thekaleidoscope of nations. No the causes of the convulsion andits objects are more profound than that. They are essentiallyreligious not political. They lie far deeper than the nationalsquabbles of the day. A thousand years hence those nationalresults may matter little but the religious result will rule theworld. That religious result is the reform of the decadentChristianity of to-day its simplification its purification andits reinforcement by the facts of spirit communion and the clearknowledge of what lies beyond the exit-door of death. Theshock of the war was meant to rouse us to mental and moralearnestness to give us the courage to tear away venerable shams,and to force the human race to realise and use the vast newrevelation which has been so clearly stated and so abundantlyproved for all who will examine the statements and proofs withan open mind. Consider the awful condition of the world before thisthunder-bolt struck it. Could anyone tracing back down thecenturies and examining the record of the wickedness of man findanything which could compare with the story of the nations duringthe last twenty years! Think of the condition of Russia duringthat time with her brutal aristocracy and her drunken democracy,her murders on either side her Siberian horrors her Jewbaitings and her corruption. Think of the figure of Leopold ofBelgium an incarnate devil who from motives of greed carriedmurder and torture through a large section of Africa and yet wasreceived in every court and was eventually buried after apanegyric from a Cardinal of the Roman Church--a church whichhad never once raised her voice against his diabolical career. Consider the similar crimes in the Putumayo where Britishcapitalists if not guilty of outrage can at least not beacquitted of having condoned it by their lethargy and trust inlocal agents. Think of Turkey and the recurrent massacres of hersubject races. Think of the heartless grind of the factorieseverywhere where work assumed a very different and moreunnatural shape than the ancient labour of the fields. Think ofthe sensuality of many rich the brutality of many poor theshallowness of many fashionable the coldness and deadness ofreligion the absence anywhere of any deep true spiritualimpulse. Think above all of the organised materialism ofGermany the arrogance the heartlessness the negation ofeverything which one could possibly associate with the livingspirit of Christ as evident in the utterances of CatholicBishops like Hartmann of Cologne as in those of LutheranPastors. Put all this together and say if the human race hasever presented a more unlovely aspect. When we try to find thebrighter spots they are chiefly where civilisation as apartfrom religion has built up necessities for the community suchas hospitals universities and organised charities asconspicuous in Buddhist Japan as in Christian Europe. We cannotdeny that there has been much virtue much gentleness muchspirituality in individuals. But the churches were empty husks,which contained no spiritual food for the human race and had inthe main ceased to influence its actions save in the directionof soulless forms. This is not an over-coloured picture. Can we not see then,what was the inner reason for the war? Can we not understandthat it was needful to shake mankind loose from gossip and pinkteas and sword-worship and Saturday night drunks and selfseekingpolitics and theological quibbles--to wake them up andmake them realise that they stand upon a narrow knife-edgebetween two awful eternities and that here and now they haveto finish with make-beliefs and with real earnestness andcourage face those truths which have always been palpable whereindolence or cowardice or vested interests have not obscuredthe vision. Let us try to appreciate what those truths areand the direction which reform must take. It is the newspiritual developments which predominate in my own thoughts butthere are two other great readjustments which are necessarybefore they can take their full effect. On the spiritual side Ican speak with the force of knowledge from the beyond. On theother two points of reform. I make no such claim. The first is that in the Bible which is the foundation ofour present religious thought we have bound together the livingand the dead and the dead has tainted the living. A mummy andan angel are in most unnatural partnership. There can be noclear thinking and no logical teaching until the olddispensation has been placed on the shelf of the scholar andremoved from the desk of the teacher. It is indeed a wonderfulbook in parts the oldest which has come down to us a bookfilled with rare knowledge with history with poetry withoccultism with folklore. But it has no connection with modernconceptions of religion. In the main it is actually antagonisticto them. Two contradictory codes have been circulated underone cover and the result is dire confusion. The one is a schemedepending upon a special tribal God intensely anthropomorphicand filled with rage jealousy and revenge. The conceptionpervades every book of the Old Testament. Even in the psalms,which are perhaps the most spiritual and beautiful section thepsalmist amid much that is noble sings of the fearsome thingswhich his God will do to his enemies. "They shall go down aliveinto hell." There is the keynote of this ancient document--adocument which advocates massacre condones polygamy acceptsslavery and orders the burning of so-called witches. Its Mosaicprovisions have long been laid aside. We do not considerourselves accursed if we fail to mutilate our bodies if we eatforbidden dishes fail to trim our beards or wear clothes of twomaterials. But we cannot lay aside the provisions and yet regardthe document as divine. No learned quibbles can ever persuade anhonest earnest mind that that is right. One may say: "Everyoneknows that that is the old dispensation and is not to be actedupon." It is not true. It is continually acted upon andalways will be so long as it is made part of one sacred book. William the Second acted upon it. His German God which wroughtsuch mischief in the world was the reflection of the dreadfulbeing who ordered that captives be put under the harrow. Thecities of Belgium were the reflection of the cities of Moab. Every hard-hearted brute in history more especially in thereligious wars has found his inspiration in the Old Testament."Smite and spare not!" "An eye for an eye!" how readily thetexts spring to the grim lips of the murderous fanatic. Francison St. Bartholomew's night. Alva in the Lowlands. Tilly atMagdeburg. Cromwell at Drogheda the Covenainters atPhilliphaugh the Anabaptists of Munster and the early Mormonsof Utah all found their murderous impulses fortified from thisunholy source. Its red trail runs through history. Even wherethe New Testament prevails its teaching must still be dulled andclouded by its sterner neighbour. Let us retain this honouredwork of literature. Let us remove the taint which poisons thevery spring of our religious thought. This is in my opinion the first clearing which should bemade for the more beautiful building to come. The second is lessimportant as it is a shifting of the point of view rather thanan actual change. It is to be remembered that Christ's life inthis world occupied so far as we can estimate. 33 years whilstfrom His arrest to His resurrection was less than a week. Yetthe whole Christian system has come to revolve round His death,to the partial exclusion of the beautiful lesson of His life. Far too much weight has been placed upon the one and far toolittle upon the other for the death beautiful and indeedperfect as it was could be matched by that of many scores ofthousands who have died for an idea while the life with itsconsistent record of charity breadth of mind unselfishness,courage reason and progressiveness is absolutely unique andsuperhuman. Even in these abbreviated translated and secondhandrecords we receive an impression such as no other life cangive--an impression which fills us with utter reverence. Napoleon no mean judge of human nature said of it: "It isdifferent with Christ. Everything about Him astonishes me. His spirit surprises me and His will confounds me. Between Himand anything of this world there is no possible comparison. Heis really a being apart. The nearer I approach Him and thecloser I examine Him the more everything seems above me."It is this wonderful life its example and inspiration whichwas the real object of the descent of this high spirit on to ourplanet. If the human race had earnestly centred upon thatinstead of losing itself in vain dreams of vicarious sacrificesand imaginary falls with all the mystical and contentiousphilosophy which has centred round the subject how verydifferent the level of human culture and happiness would be today!Such theories with their absolute want of reason ormorality have been the main cause why the best minds have beenso often alienated from the Christian system and proclaimedthemselves materialists. In contemplating what shocked theirinstincts for truth they have lost that which was both true andbeautiful. Christ's death was worthy of His life and roundedoff a perfect career but it is the life which He has left asthe foundation for the permanent religion of mankind. All thereligious wars the private feuds and the countless miseries ofsectarian contention would have been at least minimised if notavoided had the bare example of Christ's life been adopted asthe standard of conduct and of religion. But there are certain other considerations which should haveweight when we contemplate this life and its efficacy as anexample. One of these is that the very essence of it was that Hecritically examined religion as He found it and brought Hisrobust common sense and courage to bear in exposing the shams andin pointing out the better path. THAT is the hall-mark ofthe true follower of Christ and not the mute acceptance ofdoctrines which are upon the face of them false and pernicious,because they come to us with some show of authority. Whatauthority have we now save this very life which could comparewith those Jewish books which were so binding in their force andso immutably sacred that even the misspellings or pen-slips ofthe scribe were most carefully preserved? It is a simpleobvious fact that if Christ had been orthodox and hadpossessed what is so often praised as a "child-like faith," therecould have been no such thing as Christianity. Let reformers wholove Him take heart as they consider that they are indeedfollowing in the footsteps of the Master who has at no time saidthat the revelation which He brought and which has been soimperfectly used is the last which will come to mankind. In ourown times an equally great one has been released from the centreof all truth which will make as deep an impression upon thehuman race as Christianity though no predominant figure has yetappeared to enforce its lessons. Such a figure has appeared oncewhen the days were ripe and I do not doubt that this may occuronce more. One other consideration must be urged. Christ has not givenHis message in the first person. If He had done so our positionwould be stronger. It has been repeated by the hearsay andreport of earnest but ill-educated men. It speaks much foreducation in the Roman province of Judea that these fishermen,publicans and others could even read or write. Luke and Paulwere of course of a higher class but their informationcame from their lowly predecessors. Their account is splendidlysatisfying in the unity of the general impression which itproduces and the clear drawing of the Master's teaching andcharacter. At the same time it is full of inconsistencies andcontradictions upon immaterial matters. For example the fouraccounts of the resurrection differ in detail and there is noorthodox learned lawyer who dutifully accepts all four versionswho could not shatter the evidence if he dealt with it in thecourse of his profession. These details are immaterial to thespirit of the message. It is not common sense to suppose thatevery item is inspired or that we have to make no allowance forimperfect reporting individual convictions orientalphraseology or faults of translation. These have indeed beenadmitted by revised versions. In His utterance about the letterand the spirit we could almost believe that Christ had foreseenthe plague of texts from which we have suffered even as HeHimself suffered at the hands of the theologians of His day whothen as now have been a curse to the world. We were meantto use our reasons and brains in adapting His teaching to theconditions of our altered lives and times. Much depended uponthe society and mode of expression which belonged to His era. Tosuppose in these days that one has literally to give all to thepoor or that a starved English prisoner should literally lovehis enemy the Kaiser or that because Christ protested againstthe lax marriages of His day therefore two spouses who loatheeach other should be for ever chained in a life servitude andmartyrdom--all these assertions are to travesty His teaching andto take from it that robust quality of common sense which was itsmain characteristic. To ask what is impossible from human natureis to weaken your appeal when you ask for what is reasonable. It has already been stated that of the three headings underwhich reforms are grouped the exclusion of the old dispensation,the greater attention to Christ's life as compared to His death,and the new spiritual influx which is giving us psychic religion,it is only on the latter that one can quote the authority of thebeyond. Here however the case is really understated. Inregard to the Old Testament I have never seen the matter treatedin a spiritual communication. The nature of Christ however andHis teaching have been expounded a score of times with somevariation of detail but in the main as reproduced here. Spiritshave their individuality of view and some carry over strongearthly prepossessions which they do not easily shed; but readingmany authentic spirit communications one finds that the idea ofredemption is hardly ever spoken of while that of example andinfluence is for ever insisted upon. In them Christ is thehighest spirit known the son of God as we all are but nearerto God and therefore in a more particular sense His son. Hedoes not save in most rare and special cases meet us when wedie. Since souls pass over night and day at the rate of about100 a minute this would seem self-evident. After a time we maybe admitted to His presence to find a most tender sympatheticand helpful comrade and guide whose spirit influences all thingseven when His bodily presence is not visible. This is thegeneral teaching of the other world communications concerningChrist the gentle loving and powerful spirit which broods everover that world which in all its many spheres is His specialcare. Before passing to the new revelation its certain proofs andits definite teaching let us hark back for a moment upon the twopoints which have already been treated. They are not absolutelyvital points. The fresh developments can go on and conquer theworld without them. There can be no sudden change in the ancientroutine of our religious habits nor is it possible to conceivethat a congress of theologians could take so heroic a step as totear the Bible in twain laying one half upon the shelf and oneupon the table. Neither is it to be expected that any formalpronouncements could ever be made that the churches have all laidthe wrong emphasis upon the story of Christ. Moral courage willnot rise to such a height. But with the spiritual quickening andthe greater earnestness which will have their roots in thisbloody passion of mankind many will perceive what is reasonableand true so that even if the Old Testament should remain likesome obsolete appendix in the animal frame to mark a lowerstage through which development has passed it will more and morebe recognised as a document which has lost all validity and whichshould no longer be allowed to influence human conduct save byway of pointing out much which we may avoid. So also with theteaching of Christ the mystical portions may fade gently away,as the grosser views of eternal punishment have faded within ourown lifetime so that while mankind is hardly aware of the changethe heresy of today will become the commonplace of tomorrow. These things will adjust themselves in God's own time. What is,however both new and vital are those fresh developments whichwill now be discussed. In them may be found the signs of how thedry bones may be stirred and how the mummy may be quickened withthe breath of life. With the actual certainty of a definite lifeafter death and a sure sense of responsibility for our ownspiritual development a responsibility which cannot be put uponany other shoulders however exalted but must be borne by eachindividual for himself there will come the greatestreinforcement of morality which the human race has everknown. We are on the verge of it now but our descendants willlook upon the past century as the culmination of the dark ageswhen man lost his trust in God and was so engrossed in histemporary earth life that he lost all sense of spiritual reality. CHAPTER IITHE DAWNING OF THE LIGHTSome sixty years ago that acute thinker Lord Broughamremarked that in the clear sky of scepticism he saw only onesmall cloud drifting up and that was Modern Spiritualism. It wasa curiously inverted simile for one would surely have expectedhim to say that in the drifting clouds of scepticism he saw onepatch of clear sky but at least it showed how conscious he wasof the coming importance of the movement. Ruskin too anequally agile mind said that his assurance of immortalitydepended upon the observed facts of Spiritualism. Scores andindeed hundreds of famous names could be quoted who havesubscribed the same statement and whose support would dignifyany cause upon earth. They are the higher peaks who have beenthe first to catch the light but the dawn will spread untilnone are too lowly to share it. Let us turn therefore,and inspect this movement which is most certainly destined torevolutionise human thought and action as none other has donewithin the Christian era. We shall look at it both in itsstrength and in its weakness for where one is dealing with whatone knows to be true one can fearlessly insist upon the whole ofthe truth. The movement which is destined to bring vitality to the deadand cold religions has been called "Modern Spiritualism." The"modern" is good since the thing itself in one form or another,is as old as history and has always however obscured by forms,been the red central glow in the depths of all religious ideas,permeating the Bible from end to end. But the word"Spiritualism" has been so befouled by wicked charlatans and socheapened by many a sad incident that one could almost wish thatsome such term as "psychic religion" would clear the subject ofold prejudices just as mesmerism after many years of obloquy,was rapidly accepted when its name was changed to hypnotism. Onthe other hand one remembers the sturdy pioneers who have foughtunder this banner and who were prepared to risk theircareers their professional success and even their reputationfor sanity by publicly asserting what they knew to be the truth. Their brave unselfish devotion must do something to cleanse thename for which they fought and suffered. It was they who nursedthe system which promises to be not a new religion--it is fartoo big for that--but part of the common heritage of knowledgeshared by the whole human race. Perfected Spiritualism however,will probably bear about the same relation to the Spiritualism of1850 as a modern locomotive to the bubbling little kettle whichheralded the era of steam. It will end by being rather the proofand basis of all religions than a religion in itself. We havealready too many religions--but too few proofs. Those first manifestations at Hydesville varied in no wayfrom many of which we have record in the past but the resultarising from them differed very much because for the firsttime it occurred to a human being not merely to listen toinexplicable sounds and to fear them or marvel at them but toestablish communication with them. John Wesley's fathermight have done the same more than a century before had thethought occurred to him when he was a witness of themanifestations at Epworth in 1726. It was only when the youngFox girl struck her hands together and cried "Do as I do" thatthere was instant compliance and consequent proof of thepresence of an INTELLIGENT invisible force thus differingfrom all other forces of which we know. The circumstances werehumble and even rather sordid upon both sides of the veil,human and spirit yet it was as time will more and more clearlyshow one of the turning points of the world's history greaterfar than the fall of thrones or the rout of armies. Some artistof the future will draw the scene--the sitting-room of thewooden shack-like house the circle of half-awed and halfcriticalneighbours the child clapping her hands with upturnedlaughing face the dark corner shadows where these strange newforces seem to lurk--forces often apparent and now come to stayand to effect the complete revolution of human thought. We maywell ask why should such great results arise from such pettysources? So argued the highbrowed philosophers of Greece andRome when the outspoken Paul with the fisherman Peter and hishalf-educated disciples traversed all their learned theories,and with the help of women slaves and schismatic Jews,subverted their ancient creeds. One can but answer thatProvidence has its own way of attaining its results and that itseldom conforms to our opinion of what is most appropriate. We have a larger experience of such phenomena now and we candefine with some accuracy what it was that happened at Hydesvillein the year 1848. We know that these matters are governed by lawand by conditions as much as any other phenomena of the universe,though at the moment it seemed to the public to be an isolatedand irregular outburst. On the one hand you had a material,earth-bound spirit of a low order of development which needed aphysical medium in order to be able to indicate its presence. Onthe other you had that rare thing a good physical medium. Theresult followed as surely as the flash follows when the electricbattery and wire are both properly adjusted. Correspondingexperiments where effect and cause duly follow are beingworked out at the present moment by Professor Crawford ofBelfast as detailed in his two recent books where he shows thatthere is an actual loss of weight of the medium in exactproportion to the physical phenomenon produced.[1] The wholesecret of mediumship on this material side appears to lie in thepower quite independent of oneself of passively giving up someportion of one's bodily substance for the use of outsideinfluences. Why should some have this power and some not? We donot know--nor do we know why one should have the ear for musicand another not. Each is born in us and each has littleconnection with our moral natures. At first it was only physicalmediumship which was known and public attention centred uponmoving tables automatic musical instruments and other crude butobvious examples of outside influence which were unhappily veryeasily imitated by rogues. Since then we have learned that thereare many forms of mediumship so different from each other thatan expert at one may have no powers at all at the other. Theautomatic writer the clairvoyant the crystal-seer the trancespeaker the photographic medium the direct voice medium andothers are all when genuine the manifestations of one force,which runs through varied channels as it did in the giftsascribed to the disciples. The unhappy outburst of roguery washelped no doubt by the need for darkness claimed by the earlyexperimenters--a claim which is by no means essential since thegreatest of all mediums. D. D. Home was able by the exceptionalstrength of his powers to dispense with it. At the same time thefact that darkness rather than light and dryness rather thanmoisture are helpful to good results has been abundantlymanifested and points to the physical laws which underlie thephenomena. The observation made long afterwards that wirelesstelegraphy another etheric force acts twice as well by night asby day may corroborate the general conclusions of the earlySpiritualists while their assertion that the least harmful lightis red light has a suggestive analogy in the experience of thephotographer.[1] "The Reality of Psychic Phenomena.""Experiences in Psychical Science." (Watkins.)There is no space here for the history of the rise anddevelopment of the movement. It provoked warm adhesion andfierce opposition from the start. Professor Hare and HoraceGreeley were among the educated minority who tested and endorsedits truth. It was disfigured by many grievous incidents whichmay explain but does not excuse the perverse opposition which itencountered in so many quarters. This opposition was reallylargely based upon the absolute materialism of the age whichwould not admit that there could exist at the present moment suchconditions as might be accepted in the far past. When actuallybrought in contact with that life beyond the grave which theyprofessed to believe in these people winced recoiled anddeclared it impossible. The science of the day was also rootedin materialism and discarded all its own very excellent axiomswhen it was faced by an entirely new and unexpected proposition. Faraday declared that in approaching a new subject one shouldmake up one's mind a priori as to what is possible and whatis not! Huxley said that the messages. EVEN IF TRUE,"interested him no more than the gossip of curates in acathedral city." Darwin said: "God help us if we are to believesuch things." Herbert Spencer declared against it but had notime to go into it. At the same time all science did not come sobadly out of the ordeal. As already mentioned. Professor Hare,of Philadelphia inventor among other things of the oxyhydrogenblow-pipe was the first man of note who had the moralcourage after considerable personal investigation to declarethat these new and strange developments were true. He wasfollowed by many medical men both in America and in Britain,including Dr. Elliotson one of the leaders of free thought inthis country. Professor Crookes the most rising chemist inEurope. Dr. Russel Wallace the great naturalist. Varley theelectrician. Flammarion the French astronomer and many others,risked their scientific reputations in their brave assertions ofthe truth. These men were not credulous fools. They saw anddeplored the existence of frauds. Crookes' letters upon thesubject are still extant. In very many cases it was theSpiritualists themselves who exposed the frauds. Theylaughed as the public laughed at the sham Shakespeares andvulgar Caesars who figured in certain seance rooms. Theydeprecated also the low moral tone which would turn such powersto prophecies about the issue of a race or the success of aspeculation. But they had that broader vision and sense ofproportion which assured them that behind all these follies andfrauds there lay a mass of solid evidence which could not beshaken though like all evidence it had to be examined before itcould be appreciated. They were not such simpletons as to bedriven away from a great truth because there are some dishonestcamp followers who hang upon its skirts. A great centre of proof and of inspiration lay during thoseearly days in Mr. D. D. Home a Scottish-American who possessedpowers which make him one of the most remarkable personalities ofwhom we have any record. Home's life written by his secondwife is a book which deserves very careful reading. This man,who in some aspects was more than a man was before the publicfor nearly thirty years. During that time he never receivedpayment for his services and was always ready to puthimself at the disposal of any bona-fide and reasonableenquirer. His phenomena were produced in full light and it wasimmaterial to him whether the sittings were in his own rooms orin those of his friends. So high were his principles that uponone occasion though he was a man of moderate means and less thanmoderate health he refused the princely fee of two thousandpounds offered for a single sitting by the Union Circle in Paris. As to his powers they seem to have included every form ofmediumship in the highest degree--self-levitation as witnessedby hundreds of credible witnesses; the handling of fire with thepower of conferring like immunity upon others; the movementwithout human touch of heavy objects; the visible materialisationof spirits; miracles of healing; and messages from the dead suchas that which converted the hard-headed Scot. Robert Chambers,when Home repeated to him the actual dying words of his youngdaughter. All this came from a man of so sweet a nature and ofso charitable a disposition that the union of all qualitieswould seem almost to justify those who to Home's greatembarrassment were prepared to place him upon a pedestal abovehumanity. The genuineness of his psychic powers has never beenseriously questioned and was as well recognised in Rome andParis as in London. One incident only darkened his career andit was one in which he was blameless as anyone who carefullyweighs the evidence must admit. I allude to the action takenagainst him by Mrs. Lyon who after adopting him as her son andsettling a large sum of money upon him endeavoured to regain,and did regain this money by her unsupported assertion that hehad persuaded her illicitly to make him the allowance. The factsof his life are in my judgment ample proof of the truth of theSpiritualist position if no other proof at all had beenavailable. It is to be remarked in the career of this entirelyhonest and unvenal medium that he had periods in his life whenhis powers deserted him completely that he could foresee theselapses and that being honest and unvenal he simply abstainedfrom all attempts until the power returned. It is thisintermittent character of the gift which is in my opinion,responsible for cases when a medium who has passed the most rigidtests upon certain occasions is afterwards detected insimulating very clumsily the results which he had oncesuccessfully accomplished. The real power having failed he hasnot the moral courage to admit it nor the self-denial to foregohis fee which he endeavours to earn by a travesty of what wasonce genuine. Such an explanation would cover some facts whichotherwise are hard to reconcile. We must also admit that somemediums are extremely irresponsible and feather-headed people. Afriend of mine who sat with Eusapia Palladino assured me thathe saw her cheat in the most childish and bare-faced fashion andyet immediately afterwards incidents occurred which wereabsolutely beyond any normal powers to produce. Apart from Home another episode which marks a stage in theadvance of this movement was the investigation and report by theDialectical Society in the year 1869. This body was composed ofmen of various learned professions who gathered together toinvestigate the alleged facts and ended by reporting thatthey really WERE facts. They were unbiased and theirconclusions were founded upon results which were very soberly setforth in their report a most convincing document which even nowin 1919 after the lapse of fifty years is far more intelligentthan the greater part of current opinion upon this subject. Nonethe less it was greeted by a chorus of ridicule by the ignorantPress of that day who if the same men had come to the oppositeconclusion in spite of the evidence would have been ready tohail their verdict as the undoubted end of a pernicious movement. In the early days about 1863 a book was written by Mrs deMorgan the wife of the well-known mathematician Professor deMorgan entitled "From Matter to Spirit." There is a sympatheticpreface by the husband. The book is still well worth reading,for it is a question whether anyone has shown greater brain powerin treating the subject. In it the prophecy is made that as themovement develops the more material phenomena will decrease andtheir place be taken by the more spiritual such as automaticwriting. This forecast has been fulfilled for though physicalmediums still exist the other more subtle forms greatlypredominate and call for far more discriminating criticism injudging their value and their truth. Two very convincing formsof mediumship the direct voice and spirit photography have alsobecome prominent. Each of these presents such proof that it isimpossible for the sceptic to face them and he can only avoidthem by ignoring them. In the case of the direct voice one of the leading exponentsis Mrs. French an amateur medium in America whose work isdescribed both by Mr. Funk and Mr. Randall. She is a frailelderly lady yet in her presence the most masculine and robustvoices make communications even when her own mouth is covered. I have myself investigated the direct voice in the case of fourdifferent mediums two of them amateurs and can have no doubt ofthe reality of the voices and that they are not the effect ofventriloquism. I was more struck by the failures than by thesuccesses and cannot easily forget the passionate pantings withwhich some entity strove hard to reveal his identity to me,but without success. One of these mediums was tested afterwardsby having the mouth filled with coloured water but the voicecontinued as before. As to spirit photography the most successful results areobtained by the Crewe circle in England under the mediumship ofMr. Hope and Mrs. Buxton.[2] I have seen scores of thesephotographs which in several cases reproduce exact images of thedead which do not correspond with any pictures of them takenduring life. I have seen father mother and dead soldier son,all taken together with the dead son looking far the happier andnot the least substantial of the three. It is in these variedforms of proof that the impregnable strength of the evidencelies for how absurd do explanations of telepathy unconsciouscerebration or cosmic memory become when faced by such phenomenaas spirit photography materialisation or the direct voice. Only one hypothesis can cover every branch of thesemanifestations and that is the system of extraneous life andaction which has always for seventy years held the field forany reasonable mind which had impartially considered thefacts.[2] See Appendix. I have spoken of the need for careful and cool-headedanalysis in judging the evidence where automatic writing isconcerned. One is bound to exclude spirit explanations until allnatural ones have been exhausted though I do not include amongnatural ones the extreme claims of far-fetched telepathy such asthat another person can read in your thoughts things of which youwere never yourself aware. Such explanations are notexplanations but mystifications and absurdities though theyseem to have a special attraction for a certain sort of psychicalresearcher who is obviously destined to go on researching to theend of time without ever reaching any conclusion save that ofthe patience of those who try to follow his reasoning. To give agood example of valid automatic script chosen out of many whichI could quote. I would draw the reader's attention to the factsas to the excavations at Glastonbury as detailed in "The Gate ofRemembrance" by Mr. Bligh Bond. Mr. Bligh Bond by the way isnot a Spiritualist but the same cannot be said of the writerof the automatic script an amateur medium who was able toindicate the secrets of the buried abbey which were proved to becorrect when the ruins were uncovered. I can truly say that,though I have read much of the old monastic life it has neverbeen brought home to me so closely as by the messages anddescriptions of dear old Brother Johannes the earth-boundspirit--earthbound by his great love for the old abbey in whichhe had spent his human life. This book with its practicalsequel may be quoted as an excellent example of automaticwriting at its highest for what telepathic explanation can coverthe detailed description of objects which lie unseen by any humaneye? It must be admitted however that in automatic writing youare at one end of the telephone if one may use such a simile,and you have no assurance as to who is at the other end. Youmay have wildly false messages suddenly interpolated amongtruthful ones--messages so detailed in their mendacity that it isimpossible to think that they are not deliberately false. Whenonce we have accepted the central fact that spirits change littlein essentials when leaving the body and that in consequencethe world is infested by many low and mischievous types one canunderstand that these untoward incidents are rather aconfirmation of Spiritualism than an argument against it. Personally I have received and have been deceived by several suchmessages. At the same time I can say that after an experience ofthirty years of such communications I have never known ablasphemous an obscene or an unkind sentence come through. Iadmit however that I have heard of such cases. Like attractslike and one should know one's human company before one joins insuch intimate and reverent rites. In clairvoyance the samesudden inexplicable deceptions appear. I have closely followedthe work of one female medium a professional whose results areso extraordinarily good that in a favourable case she will givethe full names of the deceased as well as the most definite andconvincing test messages. Yet among this splendid series ofresults I have notes of several in which she was a completefailure and absolutely wrong upon essentials. How can this beexplained? We can only answer that conditions were obviouslynot propitious but why or how are among the many problems of thefuture. It is a profound and most complicated subject howevereasily it may be settled by the "ridiculous nonsense" school ofcritics. I look at the row of books upon the left of my desk asI write--ninety-six solid volumes many of them annotated andwell thumbed and yet I know that I am like a child wading ankledeep in the margin of an illimitable ocean. But this at least,I have very clearly realised that the ocean is there and thatthe margin is part of it and that down that shelving shore thehuman race is destined to move slowly to deeper waters. In thenext chapter. I will endeavour to show what is the purpose of theCreator in this strange revelation of new intelligent forcesimpinging upon our planet. It is this view of the question whichmust justify the claim that this movement so long the subject ofsneers and ridicule is absolutely the most important developmentin the whole history of the human race so important that if wecould conceive one single man discovering and publishing it hewould rank before Christopher Columbus as a discoverer of newworlds before Paul as a teacher of new religious truths andbefore Isaac Newton as a student of the laws of the Universe. Before opening up this subject there is one considerationwhich should have due weight and yet seems continually to beoverlooked. The differences between various sects are a verysmall thing as compared to the great eternal duel betweenmaterialism and the spiritual view of the Universe. That is thereal fight. It is a fight in which the Churches championed theanti-material view but they have done it so unintelligently andhave been continually placed in such false positions that theyhave always been losing. Since the days of Hume and Voltaire andGibbon the fight has slowly but steadily rolled in favour of theattack. Then came Darwin showing with apparent truth that manhas never fallen but always risen. This cut deep into thephilosophy of orthodoxy and it is folly to deny it. Then againcame the so-called "Higher Criticism," showing alleged flaws andcracks in the very foundations. All this time the churches wereyielding ground and every retreat gave a fresh jumping-offplace for a new assault. It has gone so far that at the presentmoment a very large section of the people of this country richand poor are out of all sympathy not only with the churches butwith the whole Spiritual view. Now we intervene with ourpositive knowledge and actual proof--an ally so powerful that weare capable of turning the whole tide of battle and rolling itback for ever against materialism. We can say: "We will meetyou on your own ground and show you by material and scientifictests that the soul and personality survive." That is the aim ofPsychic Science and it has been fully attained. It means an endto materialism for ever. And yet this movement this Spiritualmovement is hooted at and reviled by Rome by Canterbury andeven by Little Bethel each of them for once acting in concert,and including in their battle line such strange allies as theScientific Agnostics and the militant Free-thinkers. FatherVaughan and the Bishop of London the Rev. F. B. Meyer and Mr. Clodd. "The Church Times" and "The Freethinker," are united inbattle though they fight with very different battle cries,the one declaring that the thing is of the devil while the otheris equally clear that it does not exist at all. The oppositionof the materialists is absolutely intelligent since it is clearthat any man who has spent his life in saying "No" to allextramundane forces is indeed in a pitiable position when,after many years he has to recognise that his whole philosophyis built upon sand and that "Yes" was the answer from thebeginning. But as to the religious bodies what words canexpress their stupidity and want of all proportion in not runninghalfway and more to meet the greatest ally who has everintervened to change their defeat into victory? What gifts thisall-powerful ally brings with him and what are the terms of hisalliance will now be considered. CHAPTER IIITHE GREAT ARGUMENTThe physical basis of all psychic belief is that the soul isa complete duplicate of the body resembling it in the smallestparticular although constructed in some far more tenuousmaterial. In ordinary conditions these two bodies areintermingled so that the identity of the finer one is entirelyobscured. At death however and under certain conditions in thecourse of life the two divide and can be seen separately. Deathdiffers from the conditions of separation before death in thatthere is a complete break between the two bodies and life iscarried on entirely by the lighter of the two while the heavier,like a cocoon from which the living occupant has escaped,degenerates and disappears the world burying the cocoon withmuch solemnity by taking little pains to ascertain what hasbecome of its nobler contents. It is a vain thing tourge that science has not admitted this contention and that thestatement is pure dogmatism. The science which has not examinedthe facts has it is true not admitted the contention but itsopinion is manifestly worthless or at the best of less weightthan that of the humblest student of psychic phenomena. The realscience which has examined the facts is the only valid authority,and it is practically unanimous. I have made personal appeals toat least one great leader of science to examine the facts,however superficially without any success while Sir WilliamCrookes appealed to Sir George Stokes the Secretary of the RoyalSociety one of the most bitter opponents of the movement tocome down to his laboratory and see the psychic force at work,but he took no notice. What weight has science of that sort? Itcan only be compared to that theological prejudice which causedthe Ecclesiastics in the days of Galileo to refuse to lookthrough the telescope which he held out to them. It is possible to write down the names of fifty professors ingreat seats of learning who have examined and endorsed thesefacts and the list would include many of the greatestintellects which the world has produced in our time--Flammarionand Lombroso. Charles Richet and Russel Wallace. Willie Reichel,Myers. Zollner. James. Lodge and Crookes. Therefore the factsHAVE been endorsed by the only science that has the right toexpress an opinion. I have never in my thirty years ofexperience known one single scientific man who went thoroughlyinto this matter and did not end by accepting the Spiritualsolution. Such may exist but I repeat that I have never heardof him. Let us then with confidence examine this matter of the"spiritual body," to use the term made classical by Saint Paul. There are many signs in his writings that Paul was deeply versedin psychic matters and one of these is his exact definition ofthe natural and spiritual bodies in the service which is thefinal farewell to life of every Christian. Paul picked hiswords and if he had meant that man consisted of a natural bodyand a spirit he would have said so. When he said "a spiritualbody" he meant a body which contained the spirit and yet wasdistinct from the ordinary natural body. That is exactlywhat psychic science has now shown to be true. When a man has taken hashish or certain other drugs he notinfrequently has the experience that he is standing or floatingbeside his own body which he can see stretched senseless uponthe couch. So also under anaesthetics particularly underlaughing gas many people are conscious of a detachment fromtheir bodies and of experiences at a distance. I have myselfseen very clearly my wife and children inside a cab while I wassenseless in the dentist's chair. Again when a man is faintingor dying and his system in an unstable condition it is assertedin very many definite instances that he can and does manifesthimself to others at a distance. These phantasms of the living,which have been so carefully explored and docketed by Messrs. Myers and Gurney ran into hundreds of cases. Some people claimthat by an effort of will they can after going to sleep propeltheir own doubles in the direction which they desire and visitthose whom they wish to see. Thus there is a great volume ofevidence--how great no man can say who has not spent diligentyears in exploring it--which vouches for the existence ofthis finer body containing the precious jewels of the mind andspirit and leaving only gross confused animal functions in itsheavier companion. Mr. Funk who is a critical student of psychic phenomena andalso the joint compiler of the standard American dictionary,narrates a story in point which could be matched from othersources. He tells of an American doctor of his acquaintance andhe vouches personally for the truth of the incident. Thisdoctor in the course of a cataleptic seizure in Florida wasaware that he had left his body which he saw lying beside him. He had none the less preserved his figure and his identity. Thethought of some friend at a distance came into his mind andafter an appreciable interval he found himself in that friend'sroom half way across the continent. He saw his friend and wasconscious that his friend saw him. He afterwards returned to hisown room stood beside his own senseless body argued withinhimself whether he should re-occupy it or not and finally dutyovercoming inclination he merged his two frames together andcontinued his life. A letter from him to his friendexplaining matters crossed a letter from the friend in which hetold how he also had been aware of his presence. The incident isnarrated in detail in Mr. Funk's "Psychic Riddle."I do not understand how any man can examine the manyinstances coming from various angles of approach withoutrecognising that there really is a second body of this sort,which incidentally goes far to account for all stories sacred orprofane of ghosts apparitions and visions. Now what is thissecond body and how does it fit into modern religiousrevelation?What it is is a difficult question and yet when science andimagination unite as Tyndall said they should unite to throw asearchlight into the unknown they may produce a beam sufficientto outline vaguely what will become clearer with the futureadvance of our race. Science has demonstrated that while etherpervades everything the ether which is actually in a body isdifferent from the ether outside it. "Bound" ether is the namegiven to this which Fresnel and others have shown to be denser. Now if this fact be applied to the human body the resultwould be that if all that is visible of that body were removed,there would still remain a complete and absolute mould of thebody formed in bound ether which would be different from theether around it. This argument is more solid than merespeculation and it shows that even the soul may come to bedefined in terms of matter and is not altogether "such stuff asdreams are made of."It has been shown that there is some good evidence for theexistence of this second body apart from psychic religion but tothose who have examined that religion it is the centre of thewhole system sufficiently real to be recognised by clairvoyants,to be heard by clairaudients and even to make an exactimpression upon a photographic plate. Of the latter phenomenon,of which I have had some very particular opportunities ofjudging. I have no more doubt than I have of the ordinaryphotography of commerce. It had already been shown by theastronomers that the sensitized plate is a more delicaterecording instrument than the human retina and that it can showstars upon a long exposure which the eye has never seen. Itwould appear that the spirit world is really so near to us that avery little extra help under correct conditions of mediumshipwill make all the difference. Thus the plate instead of theeye may bring the loved face within the range of vision whilethe trumpet acting as a megaphone may bring back the familiarvoice where the spirit whisper with no mechanical aid was stillinaudible. So loud may the latter phenomenon be that in onecase of which I have the record the dead man's dog was soexcited at hearing once more his master's voice that he broke hischain and deeply scarred the outside of the seance room door inhis efforts to force an entrance. Now having said so much of the spirit body and havingindicated that its presence is not vouched for by only one lineof evidence or school of thought let us turn to what happens atthe time of death according to the observation of clairvoyantson this side and the posthumous accounts of the dead upon theother. It is exactly what we should expect to happen grantedthe double identity. In a painless and natural process thelighter disengages itself from the heavier and slowly drawsitself off until it stands with the same mind the same emotions,and an exactly similar body beside the couch of death aware ofthose around and yet unable to make them aware of it save wherethat finer spiritual eyesight called clairvoyance exists. How,we may well ask can it see without the natural organs? How didthe hashish victim see his own unconscious body? How did theFlorida doctor see his friend? There is a power of perception inthe spiritual body which does give the power. We can say nomore. To the clairvoyant the new spirit seems like a filmyoutline. To the ordinary man it is invisible. To another spiritit would no doubt seem as normal and substantial as we appearto each other. There is some evidence that it refines with time,and is therefore nearer to the material at the moment of death orclosely after it than after a lapse of months or years. Hence,it is that apparitions of the dead are most clear and most commonabout the time of death and hence also no doubt the fact thatthe cataleptic physician already quoted was seen andrecognised by his friend. The meshes of his ether if the phrasebe permitted were still heavy with the matter from which theyhad only just been disentangled. Having disengaged itself from grosser matter what happens tothis spirit body the precious bark which bears our all in allupon this voyage into unknown seas? Very many accounts have comeback to us verbal and written detailing the experiences ofthose who have passed on. The verbal are by trance mediums,whose utterances appear to be controlled by outsideintelligences. The written from automatic writers whose scriptis produced in the same way. At these words the critic naturallyand reasonably shies with a "What nonsense! How can you controlthe statement of this medium who is consciously or unconsciouslypretending to inspiration?" This is a healthy scepticism andshould animate every experimenter who tests a new medium. Theproofs must lie in the communication itself. If they are notpresent then as always we must accept natural rather thanunknown explanations. But they are continually present and insuch obvious forms that no one can deny them. There is acertain professional medium to whom I have sent many mothers whowere in need of consolation. I always ask the applicants toreport the result to me and I have their letters of surprise andgratitude before me as I write. "Thank you for this beautifuland interesting experience. She did not make a single mistakeabout their names and everything she said was correct." In thiscase there was a rift between husband and wife before death butthe medium was able unaided to explain and clear up the wholematter mentioning the correct circumstances and names ofeveryone concerned and showing the reasons for the non-arrivalof certain letters which had been the cause of themisunderstanding. The next case was also one of husband andwife but it is the husband who is the survivor. He says: "Itwas a most successful sitting. Among other things. I addressed aremark in Danish to my wife (who is a Danish girl) and theanswer came back in English without the least hesitation." Thenext case was again of a man who had lost a very dear malefriend. "I have had the most wonderful results with Mrs.---- to-day. I cannot tell you the joy it has been to me. Manygrateful thanks for your help." The next one says: "Mrs. ----was simply wonderful. If only more people knew what agony theywould be spared." In this case the wife got in touch with thehusband and the medium mentioned correctly five dead relativeswho were in his company. The next is a case of mother and son."I saw Mrs. ---- to-day and obtained very wonderful results. She told me nearly everything quite correctly--a very fewmistakes." The next is similar. "We were quite successful. Myboy even reminded me of something that only he and I knew." Saysanother: "My boy reminded me of the day when he sowed turnipseed upon the lawn. Only he could have known of this." Theseare fair samples of the letters of which I hold a large number. They are from people who present themselves from among themillions living in London or the provinces and about whoseaffairs the medium had no possible normal way of knowing. Of allthe very numerous cases which I have sent to this medium I haveonly had a few which have been complete failures. On quotingmy results to Sir Oliver Lodge he remarked that his ownexperience with another medium had been almost identical. It isno exaggeration to say that our British telephone systems wouldprobably give a larger proportion of useless calls. How is anycritic to get beyond these facts save by ignoring ormisrepresenting them? Healthy scepticism is the basis of allaccurate observation but there comes a time when incredulitymeans either culpable ignorance or else imbecility and this timehas been long past in the matter of spirit intercourse. In my own case this medium mentioned correctly the firstname of a lady who had died in our house gave several verycharacteristic messages from her described the only two dogswhich we have ever kept and ended by saying that a young officerwas holding up a gold coin by which I would recognise him. I hadlost my brother-in-law an army doctor in the war and I hadgiven him a spade guinea for his first fee which he always woreon his chain. There were not more than two or three closerelatives who knew about this incident so that the test was aparticularly good one. She made no incorrect statements,though some were vague. After I had revealed the identity ofthis medium several pressmen attempted to have test seances withher--a test seance being in most cases a seance which begins bybreaking every psychic condition and making success mostimprobable. One of these gentlemen. Mr. Ulyss Rogers had veryfair results. Another sent from "Truth" had complete failure. It must be understood that these powers do not work from themedium but through the medium and that the forces in the beyondhave not the least sympathy with a smart young pressman in searchof clever copy while they have a very different feeling to abereaved mother who prays with all her broken heart that someassurance may be given her that the child of her love is not gonefrom her for ever. When this fact is mastered and it isunderstood that "Stand and deliver" methods only excite gentlederision on the other side we shall find some more intelligentmanner of putting things of the spirit to the proof.[3][3] See Appendix D. I have dwelt upon these results which could be matchedby other mediums to show that we have solid and certain reasonsto say that the verbal reports are not from the mediumsthemselves. Readers of Arthur Hill's "Psychical Investigations"will find many even more convincing cases. So in the writtencommunications. I have in a previous paper pointed to the "Gateof Remembrance" case but there is a great mass of material whichproves that in spite of mistakes and failures there really is achannel of communication fitful and evasive sometimes butentirely beyond coincidence or fraud. These then are the usualmeans by which we receive psychic messages though table tilting,ouija boards glasses upon a smooth surface or anything whichcan be moved by the vital animal-magnetic force already discussedwill equally serve the purpose. Often information is conveyedorally or by writing which could not have been known to anyoneconcerned. Mr. Wilkinson has given details of the case where hisdead son drew attention to the fact that a curio (a coin bent bya bullet) had been overlooked among his effects. Sir WilliamBarrett has narrated how a young officer sent a messageleaving a pearl tie-pin to a friend. No one knew that such a pinexisted but it was found among his things. The death of SirHugh Lane was given at a private seance in Dublin before thedetails of the Lusitania disaster had been published.[4] On thatmorning we ourselves in a small seance got the message "It isterrible terrible and will greatly affect the war," at a timewhen we were convinced that no great loss of life could haveoccurred. Such examples are very numerous and are only quotedhere to show how impossible it is to invoke telepathy as theorigin of such messages. There is only one explanation whichcovers the facts. They are what they say they are messages fromthose who have passed on from the spiritual body which was seento rise from the deathbed which has been so often photographed,which pervades all religion in every age and which has beenable under proper circumstances to materialise back into atemporary solidity so that it could walk and talk like a mortal,whether in Jerusalem two thousand years ago or in thelaboratory of Mr. Crookes in Mornington Road. London.[4] The details of both these latter cases are to be found in"Voices from the Void" by Mrs. Travers Smith a book containingsome well weighed evidence. Let us for a moment examine the facts in this Crookes'episode. A small book exists which describes them though it isnot as accessible as it should be. In these wonderfulexperiments which extended over several years. Miss FlorrieCook who was a young lady of from 16 to 18 years of age wasrepeatedly confined in Prof. Crookes' study the door beinglocked on the inside. Here she lay unconscious upon a couch. The spectators assembled in the laboratory which was separatedby a curtained opening from the study. After a short interval,through this opening there emerged a lady who was in all waysdifferent from Miss Cook. She gave her earth name as Katie King,and she proclaimed herself to be a materialised spirit whosemission it was "to carry the knowledge of immortality to mortals. She was of great beauty of face figure and manner. She wasfour and a half inches taller than Miss Cook fair whereas thelatter was dark and as different from her as one woman could befrom another. Her pulse rate was markedly slower. She becamefor the time entirely one of the company walking about,addressing each person present and taking delight in thechildren. She made no objection to photography or any othertest. Forty-eight photographs of different degrees of excellencewere made of her. She was seen at the same time as the medium onseveral occasions. Finally she departed saying that her missionwas over and that she had other work to do. When she vanishedmaterialism should have vanished also if mankind had takenadequate notice of the facts. Now what can the fair-minded inquirer say to such a story asthat--one of many but for the moment we are concentrating uponit? Was Mr. Crookes a blasphemous liar? But there were verymany witnesses as many sometimes as eight at a single sitting. And there are the photographs which include Miss Cook and showthat the two women were quite different. Was he honestlymistaken? But that is inconceivable. Read the originalnarrative and see if you can find any solution save that it istrue. If a man can read that sober cautious statement and notbe convinced then assuredly his brain is out of gear. Finally ask yourself whether any religious manifestation in theworld has had anything like the absolute proof which lies in thisone. Cannot the orthodox see that instead of combating such astory or talking nonsense about devils they should hail thatwhich is indeed the final answer to that materialism which istheir re
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