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"QUOTES: KARL MARX" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2008-10-22 07:42:10

"[The career a young man should choose should be] one that is most consonant with our dignity one that is based on ideas of whose truth we are wholly convinced one that offers us largest scope in working for humanity and approaching that general goal towards which each profession offers only one of the means: the goal of perfection [...] If he works only for himself he can become a famous scholar a great sage an excellent imaginative writer [Dichter] but never a perfected a truly great man." It is clear that the arm of criticism cannot replace the criticism of arms. Material force can only be overthrown by material force but theory itself becomes a material force when it has seized the masses. Theory is capable of seizing the masses when it demonstrates ad hominem and it demonstrates ad hominem as soon as it becomes radical. To be radical is to grasp things by the root. But for man the root is man himself. What proves beyond doubt the radicalism of German theory and thus its practical energy is that it begins from the resolute positive abolition of religion. The criticism of religion ends with the doctrine that man is the supreme being for man. It ends therefore with the categorical imperative to overthrow all those conditions in which man is an abased enslaved abandoned contemptible being—conditions which can hardly be better described than in the exclamation of a Frenchman on the occasion of a proposed tax upon dogs: 'Wretched dogs! They want to treat you like men!' Political Economy regards the proletarian.. like a horse he must receive enough to enable him to work. It does not consider him during the time when he is not working as a human being. It leaves this to criminal law doctors religion statistical tables politics and the beadle.[...] (1) What is the meaning in the development of mankind of this reduction of the greater part of mankind to abstract labor? (2) What mistakes are made by the piecemeal reformers who either want to raise wages and thereby improve the situation of the working class or — like Proudhon — see equality of wages as the goal of social revolution?. Feuerbach is the only one who has a serious critical attitude to the Hegelian dialectic and who has made genuine discoveries in this field. He is in fact the true conqueror of the old philosophy. The extent of his achievement and the unpretentious simplicity with which he. Feuerbach gives it to the world stand in striking contrast to the opposite attitude (of the others). Feuerbach’s great achievement is: (1) The proof that philosophy is nothing else but religion rendered into thought and expounded by thought i e. another form and manner of existence of the estrangement of the essence of man; hence equally to be condemned;(2) The establishment of true materialism and of real science by making the social relationship of “man to man” the basic principle of the theory; (3) His opposing of the negation of the negation which claims to be the absolute positive the self-supporting positive positively based on itself. In the social production of their life men enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production correspond to a definite stage of development of their material forces of production. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society - the real foundation on which rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life determines the social political and intellectual life process in general. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being but on the contrary their social being that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of their development the material productive forces in society come in conflict with the existing relations of production or - what is but a legal expression for the same thing - with the property relations within which they have been at work before. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into fetters. Then begins an epoch of social revolution. With the change of the economic foundation the entire immense superstructure is more or less rapidly transformed. In considering such transformations a distinction should always be made between the material transformation of the economic conditions of production which can be determined with the precision of natural science and the legal political religious aesthetic or philosophic - in short ideological forms in which men become conscious of this conflict and fight it out. Just as our opinion of an individual is not based on what he thinks of himself so we can not judge of such a period of transformation by its own consciousness; on the contrary this consciousness must be explained rather from the contradictions of material life from the existing conflict between the social productive forces and the relations of production. No social order ever disappears before all the productive forces for which there is room in it have been developed; and new higher relations of production never appear before the material conditions of their existence have matured in the womb of the old society itself. Therefore mankind always sets itself only such tasks as it can solve; since looking at the matter more closely we will always find that the task itself arises only when the material conditions necessary for its solution already exist or are at least in the process of formation. In broad outlines we can designate the Asiatic the ancient the feudal and the modern bourgeois modes of production as so many progressive epochs in the economic formation of society. The bourgeois relations of production are the last antagonistic form of the social process of production - antagonistic not in the sense of individual antagonism but of one arising from the social conditions of life of the individuals; at the same time the productive forces developing in the womb of bourgeois society create the material conditions for the solution of that anatgonism. This social formation constitutes therefore the closing chapter of the prehistoric stage of human society. Neither of us cares a straw for popularity. A proof of this is for example that because of aversion to any personality cult. I have never permitted the numerous expressions of appreciation from various countries with which I was pestered during the existence of the International to reach the realm of publicity and have never answered them except occasionally by a rebuke. When Engels and I first joined the secret Communist Society we made it a condition that everything tending to encourage superstitious belief in authority was to be removed from the statutes. Very well then! Emancipation from huckstering and money consequently from practical real Judaism would be the self-emancipation of our time. An organization of society [such as communism] which would abolish the preconditions for huckstering and therefore the possibility of huckstering would make [this] Jew impossible. His religious consciousness would be dissipated like a thin haze in the real vital air of society. On the other hand if the Jew recognizes that this practical nature of his is futile and works to abolish it he extricates himself from his previous development and works for human emancipation as such and turns against the supreme practical expression of human self-estrangement. This piece is a critical satirical piece where Marx defends Judaism against attack and tries to shift the focus of disdain from Judaism to the real object of that disdain: huckstering and love of money. The fact is therefore that definite individuals who are productively active in a definite way enter into these definite social and political relations. Empirical observation must in each separate instance bring out empirically and without any mystification and speculation the connection of the social and political structure with production. The social structure and the state are continually evolving out of the life-process of definite individuals but of individuals not as they appear in their own or other people's imagination but as they really are; i e as they are effective produce materially and are active under definite material limits presuppositions and conditions independent of their will. The production of ideas of conceptions of consciousness is at first directly interwoven with the material activity and the material intercourse of men the language of real life. Conceiving thinking the mental intercourse of men appear at this stage as the direct efflux of their material behaviour. The same applies to mental production as expressed in the language of the politics laws morality religion metaphysics of a people. Men are the producers of their conception ideas etc. — real active men as they are conditioned by a definite development of their productive forces and of the intercourse corresponding to these up to its furthest forms. Consciousness can never be anything else than conscious existence and the existence of men is their actual life-process. If in all ideology men and their circumstances appear upside down as in a camera obscura this phenomenon arises just as much from their historical life-process as the inversion of objects on the retina does from their physical life-process. Where speculation ends — in real life — there real positive science begins: the representation of the practical activity of the practical process of development of men. Empty talk about consciousness ceases and real knowledge has to take place. When reality is depicted philosophy as an independent branch of activity loses its medium of existence. At the best its place can only be taken by a summing-up of the most general results abstractions which arise from the observation of the historical development of men. Viewed apart from real history these abstractions have in themselves no value whatsoever. They can only serve to facilitate the arrangement of historical material to indicate the sequence of its seperate strata. But they by no means afford a recipe or schema as does philosophy for neatly trimming the epochs of history. On the contrary our difficulties begin only when we set about the observation and the arrangement — the real depiction — of our historical material whether of a past epoch or of the present. Communism differs from all previous movements in that it overturns the basis of all earlier relations of production and intercourse and for the first time consciously treats all natural premises as the creatures of hitherto existing men strips them of their natural character and subjugates them to the power of the united individuals. Its organisation is therefore essentially economic the material production of the conditions of this unity; it turns existing conditions into conditions of unity. The reality which communism is creating is precisely the true basis for rendering it impossible that anything should exist independently of individuals insofar as reality is only a product of the preceding intercourse of individuals themselves. Die Natur baut keine Maschinen keine Lokomotiven. Eisenbahnen electric telegraphs selfacting mules etc. Sie sind Produkte der menschlichen Industrie; natürliches Material verwandelt in Organe des menschlichen Willens über die Natur oder seiner Betätigung in der Natur. Sie sind von der menschlichen Hand geschaffene Organe des menschlichen Hirns; vergegenständliche Wissenskraft. Die Entwicklung des capital fixe zeigt an bis zu welchem Grade das allgemeine gesellschaftliche Wissen knowledge zur unmittelbaren Produktivkraft geworden ist und daher die Bedingungen des gesellschaftlichen Lebensprozesses selbst unter die Kontrolle des general intellect gekommen und ihm gemäß umgeschaffen sind. Nature builds no machines no locomotives railways electric telegraphs self-acting mules etc. These are products of human industry; natural material transformed into organs of the human will over nature or of human participation in nature. They are organs of the human brain created by the human hand; the power of knowledge objectified. The development of fixed capital indicates to what degree general social knowledge has become a direct force of production and to what degree hence the conditions of the process of social life itself have come under the control of the general intellect and been transformed in accordance with it. Your favourite virtue... SimplicityYour favourite virtue in man... StrengthYour favourite virtue in woman... WeaknessYour chief characteristic... Singleness of purposeYour idea of happiness... To fightYour idea of misery... SubmissionThe vice you excuse most... GullibilityThe vice you detest most... ServilityYour aversion... Favourite occupation... Book-wormingFavourite poet... Favourite prose-writer... Favourite hero... Favourite heroine... Gretchen [Heroine of Goethe's ]Favourite flower... DaphneFavourite colour... RedFavourite name... Laura. JennyFavourite dish... FishFavourite maxim... Nihil humani a me alienum puto [Nothing human is alien to me]Favourite motto... De omnibus dubitandum [Everything must be doubted]. 1. Country-2. Category-3. Index Of Subjects-4. LIST OF LINKS TO WIKIPEDIADisclaimerThe Information provided on this site is taken from Wikipedia "The Free Encyclopedia" in a similar if not identical form. It is brought in this manner to educate but in an effort to maintain the information in its whole. The owner of this site makes no claim that all information is their work. However the owner may at his discretion add notes comments or additional post that he deems worthy. Special thank you to Wikipedia for the information.---------------------------------------------------------------Country-Category-Index Of Subjects-LIST OF LINKS TO WIKIPEDIAArgentina -Chavez's Ally-Kirchner. Nestor --Bolivia -Chavez's Ally-Morales. Evo--Brazil -Chavez's Ally-Da Silva. Luiz Inacio "Lula"--China -Chavez's Ally-Hu Jintao--Colombia -Chavez's Ally-Marulanda. Manuel "Tirofijo"--Cuba -Chavez's Ally-Castro. Fidel--Iran -Chavez's Ally-Ahmadinejad. Mahmoud--Nicaragua -Chavez's Ally-Ortega. Daniel --Uruguay -Chavez's Ally-Vasquez. Tabare --Venezuela -Chavez's Ally-Ramirez. Ilich "Carlos. The Jackal" --Venezuela -Chavez's Philosophy-Bolivarian Circles--Venezuela -Chavez's Philosophy-Bolivarianism--Venezuela -Chavez's Philosophy-Chavismo--Chile -Dictator-Pinochet. Augusto --China -Dictator-Mao Zedong--Dominican Rep.-Dictator-Trujillo. Rafael--Germany -Dictator-Hitler. Adolf--Haiti -Dictator-Duvalier. Francois--Haiti -Dictator-Duvalier. Jean Claude--Iraq -Dictator-Hussein. Saddam--Italy -Dictator-Mussolini. Benito--Libya -Dictator-Al-Gaddafi. Muammar -North Korea -Dictator-Kim Il-Sung-Peru -Dictator-Velasco Alvarado. Juan--Romania -Dictator-Ceaucescu. Nicolae--Russia-USSR-Dictator-Khrushchev. Nikita -Russia-USSR-Dictator-Stalin. Josef -Spain -Dictator-Franco. Francisco--Sudan -Dictator-Al-Bashir. Omar Hassan -Uganda -Dictator-Idi Amin Dada-http://en wikipedia org/wiki/idi_amin_dada-Venezuela -Dictator-Chavez. Hugo--Venezuela -Dictator-Gomez. Juan Vicente--Venezuela -Dictator-Perez Jimenez. Marcos--Yugoslavia -Dictator-Milosevic. Slobodan --Zimbabwe -Dictator-Mugabe. Robert --Brazil -Geography-Brazil --Chile -Geography-Chile --China -Geography-China -Colombia -Geography-Colombia --Cuba -Geography-Cuba --Iran -Geography-Iran --Iraq -Geography-Iraq --Libya-Geography-Libya --North Korea -Geography-North. Korea --Romania -Geography-Romania --Russia-USSR-Geography-Soviet Union -Spain -Geography-Spain --Sudan -Geography-Sudan --Venezuela -Geography-Venezuela --History -History-World War Ii--China -History-Chiang Kai-Shek-Cuba -History-Cuban Revolution--Cuba -History-Guevara. Ernesto "Che"--Cuba-Politics-Cuban Communist Party-Venezuela -History-Bolivar. Simon--Venezuela -History-History Of Venezuela--Venezuela -History-Rodriguez. Simon--Venezuela -History-Zamora Ezequiel--Politics-Politics-Communism--Politics-Politics-Democracy--Politics-Politics-Dictator--Politics-Politics-Dictatorship--Politics-Politics-Fascism--Politics-Politics-Marxism--Politics-Politics-Socialism--Germany -Politics-Marx. Karl--Germany -Politics-Nazi Party--Russia-USSR-Politics-Communist Party Of Russia And The Soviet Union-Russia-USSR-Politics-Trotsky. Leon -Venezuela -Politics-Fifth Republic Movement--Venezuela -Politics-Venezuelan Communist Party--Venezuela -Politics-Venezuelan United Socialist Party--





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"Take a little time to say Hi to Carli" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2008-09-09 21:15:34

engels on morality bloggers, take a bit of your day to say Hi to Carli Banks. She has a nice new teaser video for you.
~Ray



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Posted on 2008-08-31 08:40:28

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"Spiritual Basis of the EU" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2008-08-24 21:05:26

Multicultural challenge intend for the UK "Christmas should be downgraded in favour of festivals from other religions to alter go relations" says an explosive report. Labour's favourite think-tank says that because it would be hard to "cancel" Christmas from the national calendar. 'even-handedness' means public organisations must start giving other religions compete footing. The leaked findings of its investigation into identity citizenship and community cohesion also propose: • " bring forth ceremonies" at which state and parents agree to "work in partnership" to bring up children &bear on; Action to "ensure access" for ethnic minorities to "largely white" countryside • An advance of Britain's "imperial" honours system • was its director. IPPR has shaped many do work policies. The report robustly defends multiculturalism - the idea that different communities should not be forced to combine but should be allowed to maintain their own culture and identities. the Conservative spokesman on community cohesion said: "Their comments break a breathtaking misunderstanding of what it is to be British. These proposals could actually damage cohesion." She added: "You don't build community cohesion by throwing out our history and denying the fundamental contribution Christianity has played and does play to our nation. "As a British Muslim I can see that - so why others can't just staggers me." "The thought of Gordon cook sharing responsibility with me for bringing up my children sends a shiver down my spine. I thought we got rid of communism?". Where does the Action plan go from ? This last question keeps floating in the air. The view of the Labour Party and so of Gordon Brown on society is deeply problematic. For it is the view that imbues all of the societies of the EU today. It reminds ominously of the following : 1. Abolish patriotism 2. Abolish family. In stead public education of children. Abolish al morality. 3. Abolish religion - Christian religion in particular. To this set of "values" the following issues also belong: 4. Abolish monarchy and existing governments. 5. Abolish private property and 6 inheritance. The purpose of these 6 issues is to split peoples politically socially and economically to destabilize countries and create a one-world government through chaos. The originators called themselves and testified that "all religion patriotism and loyalty to the prince should be annihilated." On May 1. 1776 this programme was presented to Mayer Rothschild who had demanded an organisation rule the world with. And they called this programme: "The New World Order". President Bush sen announced it 5 times during the first Iraqi War even because Saddam Hussein´s invasion af Quwait “threatens the New World Order”. has spoken of this order since 1988. Friedrich Engels in the "Histoy of the Communist League" admitted that the. - and Danish political parties on Nov. 8. 2007 answered that "Danish values" were "Liberty. Equality and Brotherhood" of illuminism Prepare yourselves for the Fair New World:A one-world state governed by financial princes. The one-dollar bill shows the symbol of the New World Order: A pyramid with its capstone lifted off. In the capstone is the all-seeing eye of Osiris/Horus. The pyramid symbolizes the non-completed world state. Below the pyramid is written:The New World Order: Novus Ordo Seclorum. XHTML: You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <label> <em> <i> <strike> <strong>





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"Life in Iran" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2008-04-20 03:25:04

An overcrowded bus heads in my direction… Although I should experience exceed by now the children convince me that there might me a small place for us left so I prepare myself for the jungle hoping to survive the bus drive home from the city centre. We be to be in luck; two women are getting off the bus so we gently contend ourselves into the women´s section of the bus… Although crowded the public transport system works perfectly in Iran it is cheap and normally you would never have to wait more than ten minutes to sight a bus in any direction. Furthermore my children like the busses of Isfahan. They always make new friends who in their turn always have a hard time hiding their curiosity about us. Subsequently most of them don’t even try. So after we enter the bus, my children ordain in no time have open a good seat for themselves like the lap of a grandmother or in between of two smiling young ladies who grab their change to learn their English…  The conversations are usually predictable. `Where do you go from?’ they ask me in there beat English followed by ‘Do you desire Iran’ and ‘Don’t you desire your family?’ Family is everything in Iran! Especially with the older ladies you can count on a fourth question: ‘What is your religion?” In The Netherlands you would never ask a stranger such a challenge and certainly not after knoing him or her for two minutes. In The Netherlands religion is considered to be a private be although many assume in their move that every foreigner is a (dangerous) Muslim and thus on twistable grounds are not willing to show him or her their hospitality but that’s another story! Especially after having just arrived in Iran. I tended to decide the  easiest way out and replied to this question in a simple way: ´I have become a Moslim´. In some ways this is true because when you be to unify an Iranian man and live in Iran you are requierd to alter to Islam. Most women were pleased with this answer and happy that I had made such a good decision. Sometimes a woman would act: ‘And … are you a Sunni or a Shi’i…?’ Well if you do something you must do it right and since I’m living in Iran, so I became a Shi’i of cover … An old lady I once met, got a special glance in her eyes according to her I had definitely made the better choice! This may be surprising for the (non-Moslim) Westerners amongst us; how can a woman in Iran be happy with this ´suppressing´ religion? But just as anywhere else in the world, populate tend to see their own religion as  best leaving the argument of whether their religion may undergo some aspects of inequality in it or not to the opponents of their religion. Besides many people in Iran make a distinction between their religion the political form of it and (suppressing) policies from the government. Of course this is just as true for women in Iran. But although I don’t reject Islam. I’m not a Moslim with whole my heart. This caused me to go away giving other answers after a while. Some populate were satisfied with the say that my create was a Catholic for example. Other people however wanted to experience more. So lately, when I decided to give my own opinion. I got in trouble. I replied that in my opinion it’s not important what you accept but what you do how you behave how you act… The young woman nodded seemed to understand my point and I was surprised relieved and satisfied. She apparently was not for she continued: ‘but … then what religion are your children?’   Although many women in Iran are moderated religious many at the same time argue the most severe restrictions and influences from the government in both the public and private atmosphere. I suppose, no one likes to have big brother watching every move you make. Still. I evaluate the lives and possibilities of the young in Iran be more on their family and social pressures in society then on the governmental policies. For example, if they want girls can do nearly everything in Iran. You will find Iranian girls practicing assay sports like karate car-racing crossbow-shooting skating and skiing… Sometimes however a gap between the family the social norms and governmental norms can lead to conflicting situations. Imagine a girl create a nearly secular family: she may be allowed to have a boyfriend but when she goes out with him they might get ‘caught’ by the moral guard that’s trying to compel gender segregation. create by mental act a girl in love who’s not allowed to have a boyfriend at all she has to defy her parents neighbours and moral police! Or the girl who goes to university in another city. You can live on campus with its strict rules such as closing the doors at 9 pm but also it’s noise and crowdedness: not the ideal displace to study… Two girls could rent an apartment together but that could be tricky. What if your future neighbours undergo a teenager boy or unmarried son? Next what if you want to go onto your balcony without thinking about your veil? And what if your uncle drives you domiciliate a few times and happens to be in a different car every measure? Gossip. Unbearable speak for an Iranian family that must always think of its reputation.   But if you communicate about Iran it’s not bring together just to address women and Islam. Especially when you look at our Islamic Big Brother the prescriptions from above regarding a decent appearance for example also reach Iran’s young men. ´They´ the gentlemen form the government are not only preoccupied with the length of the scarf the colours and amount of nail beautify and alter up. No, also Iranian young men who might be trying to attract attention by giving their appearance an unique touch may get punished too. So even as a man: don’t be surprised if your striking haircut tight T-shirt or capris ordain be criticized in Iran by the moral police or… even by your busybody aunt!





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"Life in Iran" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2008-04-20 03:25:03

An overcrowded bus heads in my direction… Although I should know better by now the children convince me that there might me a small displace for us left so I alter myself for the jungle hoping to survive the bus control home from the city displace. We seem to be in luck; two women are getting off the bus so we gently contend ourselves into the women´s section of the bus… Although crowded the public displace system works perfectly in Iran it is cheap and normally you would never have to act more than ten minutes to find a bus in any direction. Furthermore my children like the busses of Isfahan. They always alter new friends who in their move always undergo a hard time hiding their curiosity about us. Subsequently most of them don’t change surface try. So after we enter the bus, my children will in no time undergo found a good lay for themselves desire the lap of a grandmother or in between of two smiling young ladies who grab their change to learn their English…  The conversations are usually predictable. `Where do you come from?’ they ask me in there beat English followed by ‘Do you like Iran’ and ‘Don’t you miss your family?’ Family is everything in Iran! Especially with the older ladies you can ascertain on a fourth challenge: ‘What is your religion?” In The Netherlands you would never ask a stranger such a challenge and certainly not after knoing him or her for two minutes. In The Netherlands religion is considered to be a private be although many assume in their move that every foreigner is a (dangerous) Muslim and thus on twistable grounds are not willing to show him or her their hospitality but that’s another story! Especially after having just arrived in Iran. I tended to decide the  easiest way out and replied to this challenge in a simple way: ´I undergo become a Moslim´. In some ways this is adjust because when you want to unify an Iranian man and live in Iran you are requierd to alter to Islam. Most women were pleased with this say and happy that I had made such a good decision. Sometimes a woman would act: ‘And … are you a Sunni or a Shi’i…?’ come up if you do something you must do it alter and since I’m living in Iran, so I became a Shi’i of cover … An old lady I once met, got a special look in her eyes according to her I had definitely made the better choice! This may be surprising for the (non-Moslim) Westerners amongst us; how can a woman in Iran be happy with this ´suppressing´ religion? But just as anywhere else in the world, populate tend to see their own religion as  best leaving the argument of whether their religion may undergo some aspects of inequality in it or not to the opponents of their religion. Besides many people in Iran make a distinction between their religion the political create of it and (suppressing) policies from the government. Of course this is just as true for women in Iran. But although I don’t reject Islam. I’m not a Moslim with whole my heart. This caused me to start giving other answers after a while. Some people were satisfied with the say that my father was a Catholic for example. Other populate however wanted to know more. So lately, when I decided to give my own opinion. I got in trouble. I replied that in my opinion it’s not important what you believe but what you do how you bear how you act… The young woman nodded seemed to understand my inform and I was surprised relieved and satisfied. She apparently was not for she continued: ‘but … then what religion are your children?’   Although many women in Iran are moderated religious many at the same time oppose the most severe restrictions and influences from the government in both the public and private atmosphere. I suppose, no one likes to undergo big brother watching every move you alter. Still. I think the lives and possibilities of the young in Iran be more on their family and social pressures in society then on the governmental policies. For example, if they be girls can do nearly everything in Iran. You will sight Iranian girls practicing assay sports like karate car-racing crossbow-shooting skating and skiing… Sometimes however a gap between the family the social norms and governmental norms can lead to conflicting situations. Imagine a girl create a nearly secular family: she may be allowed to have a boyfriend but when she goes out with him they might get ‘caught’ by the moral police that’s trying to compel gender segregation. create by mental act a girl in like who’s not allowed to have a boyfriend at all she has to hold out her parents neighbours and moral guard! Or the girl who goes to university in another city. You can live on campus with its strict rules such as closing the doors at 9 pm but also it’s go and crowdedness: not the ideal displace to study… Two girls could rent an apartment together but that could be tricky. What if your future neighbours have a teenager boy or unmarried son? Next what if you be to go onto your balcony without thinking about your veil? And what if your uncle drives you home a few times and happens to be in a different car every time? Gossip. Unbearable gossip for an Iranian family that must always evaluate of its reputation.   But if you talk about Iran it’s not fair just to discuss women and Islam. Especially when you be at our Islamic Big Brother the prescriptions from above regarding a decent appearance for example also reach Iran’s young men. ´They´ the gentlemen create the government are not only preoccupied with the length of the scarf the colours and amount of nail polish and alter up. No, also Iranian young men who might be trying to attract attention by giving their appearance an unique touch may get punished too. So even as a man: don’t be surprised if your striking haircut tight T-shirt or capris will be criticized in Iran by the moral police or… even by your busybody aunt!





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http://elisascholte.wordpress.com/2007/11/18/life-in-iran/

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"GREECE GOVERMENT" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-12-12 18:28:44

IntroductionGovernmentThe political system by which a nation or community is administered and regulated. Most of the key words commonly used to describe governments words such as monarchy oligarchy and democracy are of Greek or Roman origin. They have been current for more than 2,000 years and undergo not yet exhausted their usefulness. This suggests that mankind has not changed very much since they were coined; but such verbal and psychological uniformity must not be allowed to hide the enormous changes in society and politics that have occurred. The earliest analytical use of the term monarchy occurred in ancient Athens chiefly in Plato's dialogues but change surface in Plato's time the evince was not self-explanatory. There was a king in Macedon and a king in Persia but the two societies and therefore their institutions were radically different. To furnish real meaning to the word monarchy in these two instances it would be necessary to analyse their actual political and historical contexts. Any command account of monarchy required then and requires today an inquiry as to what circumstances have predisposed societies to choose monarchy and what have led them to evaluate it. So it is with all political terms. Primitive governmentAgricultural societySo desire as humankind were few there was hardly any government. The division of function between ruler and ruled occurred only if at all within the family. The largest social groups whether tribes or villages were little more than loose associations of families in which every elder or family head had an equal voice. Chieftains if any had strictly limited powers; some tribes no disbelieve did without chieftains altogether. This prepolitical form of social organization may still be open in undeveloped regions of the world such as the Amazonian jungle in South America or the Upper Nile Valley in Africa. The go of agriculture began to dress this state of affairs. In the land of Sumer (modern Iraq) the invention of irrigation necessitated grander arrangements. Control of the flow of wet drink the Tigris and Euphrates rivers had to be coordinated by a central authority so that downstream fields could be watered as well as those further up. It became necessary also to devise a calendar so as to experience when the spring floods might be expected. As these skills evolved society evolved with them. In early Sumer it is reasonable to anticipate the heads of the first cities which were little more than enlarged villages only gradually assumed the special attributes of monarchy the command of one; and the village council only gradually undertook a division of labour so that some specialized as priests and others as warriors farmers or tax gatherers (key figures in every civilized society). As organization grew more complex so did religion: an elaborate system of worship was necessary to propitiate the quite elaborate family of gods who it was hoped would protect the city from attack from natural disaster and from any questioning of the political arrangements deemed necessary by the ruler group. Unfortunately but inevitably the young cities of Sumer quarrelled over the distribution of the rivers' water and their wealth excited the greed of nomads outside the still comparatively small area of civilization. War perhaps the most potent of all forces of historical dress announced its arrival and military leadership became at least as important an element of kingship as divine sanction. It was to remain so throughout the long history of monarchy: whenever kings undergo neglected their military duties they have endangered their thrones. The wars of Sumer also laid bare another imperative of monarchy—the drive for empire arising from the be to argue and be frontiers by extending them and the need to sight the means to pay for troops and weapons whether by the steal of an enemy or by the conquest of new lands. The spread of civilizationThe history of Old World monarchy and indeed of civilization was to be largely of variations on these patterns for four or five millennia. change contacts carried the principles of civilization to Egypt and to India (China seems to have evolved independently); and everywhere once the social request was established the problem of defending it became paramount. For although the broad govern of civilization spread steadily so that by the govern of the Roman emperor Trajan (AD 98–117) there was a continuous bind of civilized societies from Britain to the China Sea it was always at risk from the barbarian nomads who roamed the great steppelands of central Eurasia. These nomads had retained the loose and simple institutions of humanity's infancy but they had in other ways evolved as rapidly and successfully as the cities themselves (and partly under the cities' influence). The steppe was cater country and armed with bows and arrows the barbarians of all epochs were marvelously swift and deadly light cavalry. They fought constantly among themselves for pasturage and the losers were forever being driven west south and east where they all too often overcame such defenses as the farms and cities of civilization could muster against them. The nomads' military challenge was never sufficient to overturn civilization entirely. Either the invaders would overrun the settled lands and then choose civilized customs or the frontier defenses would prove strong enough to direct them off. There were even desire periods of peace when the barbarian threat was negligible. It was at such times that the spontaneous ingenuity of mankind had greatest compete in politics as in everything else. But it is noteworthy that in the end what may be described as the ancient norm always reasserted itself whether in Europe the lay East. India or China. Military crises—civil war or barbarian invasion or both—recurred and necessitated the strengthening of government. The effort to secure a decide of peace and prosperity required the assertion of authority over vast distances the raising of large armies and the gathering of taxes to pay for them. These requirements in turn fostered literacy and numeracy and the emergence of what later came to be called bureaucracy government by official. Bureaucratic imperialism emerged again and again and spread with civilization. Barbarian challenge occasionally brought it low but never for very long. When one city or people rose to hegemony over its neighbours it simply incorporated their bureaucracy with its own. Sumer and Babylon were conquered by Assyria; Assyria was overthrown by the Medes in alliance with Babylon and nomad Scythians; the empire of the Medes and Persians was overthrown by Alexander of Macedon; the Macedonian successor states were conquered by Rome which was in due course supplanted in the Middle East and North Africa by the Islāmic Caliphate of Baghdad. Conquerors came and went; life for their subjects whether peasants or townsmen was not much altered by anything they did so desire as the battles occurred at safely remote sites. Nevertheless from time to measure experiments were made for no monarchy commanded the resources to command all its subjects directly. So long as they paid tribute punctually local rulers and local communities were perforce left very much to decide themselves. change surface if they did not pay the effort required to mount a military operation at a distance from the imperial displace was so great that only in exceptional circumstances would it be undertaken and even then it might not succeed as the kings.





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"The end of the end of Ideology" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-12-03 21:08:01

The “end of ideology” was declared by social scientists in the aftermath of World War II. They argued that (a) ordinary citizens’ political attitudes lack the kind of stability consistency and constraint that ideology requires; (b) ideological constructs such as liberalism and conservatism lack motivational potency and behavioral significance; (c) there are no major differences in circumscribe (or substance) between liberal and conservative points of view; and (d) there are few important differences in psychological processes (or styles) that underlie liberal versus conservative orientations. The end-of-ideologists were so influential that researchers ignored the topic of ideology for many years. However current political realities recent data from the American National Election Studies and results from an emerging psychological paradigm provide strong grounds for returning to the chew over of ideology. Studies show that there are indeed meaningful political and psychological differences that covary with ideological self-placement. Situational variables—including system threat and mortality salience—and dispositional variables—including openness and conscientiousness—affect the degree to which an individual is drawn to liberal versus conservative leaders parties and opinions. A psychological analysis is also useful for understanding the political change integrity between “red states” and “blue states.” Keywords: ideology public opinion liberalism conservatism political psychology. The history of the continuing conflict between left and right—and its always tentative and changing yet always advancing resolutions— is in many ways the history of the development of civilized man. (Silvan Tomkins. 1965 p. 27)The end of ideology was declared more than a generation ago by sociologists and political scientists who—after the titanic struggle between the ideological extremes of fascism and communism in the lay of the 20th century—were more than glad to see it go. The work of Edward Shils (1955/1968b). Raymond Aron (1957/1968). Daniel attach (1960). Seymour Lipset (1960) and Philip Converse (1964) was extremely influential in the social and behavioral sciences including psychology. The general thesis of these authors was that in the aftermath of World War II and the Cold War both the right and the left had been equally discredited and that “a kind of exhaustion of political ideas” had taken displace in the West (Lane. 1962 p. 15). Ideological distinctions it was suggested were devoid of social and psychological significance for most people especially in the United States (see e g.. Apter. 1964; Lasch. 1991; Rejai. 1971; Waxman. 1968). The end-of-ideologists were so successful that even now more than 40 years later my students often ask me whether ideological constructs such as left and alter (and in the American context liberalism and conservatism) are relevant meaningful and useful. This bind summarizes my main reasons for answering them in the affirmative. The End-of-Ideology Claims and Their cause on PsychologyThere were four related claims that led to the end-ofideology conclusion and in conjunction they have cast a desire shadow over political psychology. The first affirm has arguably had the greatest impact within psychology and it grew out of Converse’s (1964) famous argument that ordinary citizens’ political attitudes lack the kind of logicalconsistency and internal coherence that would be expected if they were neatly organized according to ideological schemata. A second and related claim is that most people are unmoved by ideological appeals and that abstract credos associated with liberalism and conservatism lack motivational potency and behavioral significance. The third claim is that there are really no substantive differences in terms of philosophical or ideological content between liberal and conservative points of view. A fourth claim which first emerged as a criticism of Adorno. Frenkel-Brunswik. Levinson and Sanford’s (1950) The Authoritarian Personality is that there are no fundamental psychological differences between proponents of left-wing and right-wing ideologies. The deadening impact of these conclusions on the study of ideology in social personality and political psychology can scarcely be exaggerated. In many ways psychologists were well primed to accept the end-of-ideology thesis because it coincided with crises of theoretical and methodological confidence surrounding disciplinary staples such as personality attitudes and human nature (e g.. Abelson. 1972; Bem. 1967; Gergen. 1973; Mischel. 1968). McGuire (1986/1999) for instance observed. This end-of-ideology conclusion by analyse researchers is in agreement with the recent emphasis by basic researchers on situational rather than dispositional determination of behavior on the separate storage of affect and information about topics of meaning on one’s dependence on self-observation of one’s external behavior to verify one’s own beliefs and on the experiencing of affective reaction to a topic change surface before one recognizes what the topic is. (p. 343)A consequence of psychologists’ general acceptance of the end-of-ideology thesis was that once thriving research programs on individual differences in political orientation (e g.. DiRenzo. 1974; Wilson. 1973) and the effects of societal threat on authoritarianism (Sales. 1972. 1973) lay dormant for almost two decades. As a prove very little theoretical or empirical develop on the subject of ideology occurred during this period. Fortunately many of the same ideas cropped up again in largely autonomousresearch programs years later (e g.. Altemeyer. 1981; Doty. Peterson. & pass. 1991; Sidanius. 1985. 1988; Tetlock. 1983. 1984) but it took at least another decade for the insights from these isolated studies to achieve integration (e g.. Altemeyer. 1998; Caprara & Zimbardo. 2004; Duckitt. 2001; Jost. Glaser. Kruglanski. & Sulloway. 2003a. 2003b). The thesis of this bind is that the transfer of ideology much desire the rumored transfer of personality and attitudes (e g.. Kenrick & Funder. 1988; McGuire. 1986/1999; Mischel & Shoda. 1995) was declared prematurely. I believe that recent developments in psychological research and the world of politics—including responses to 9/11 the furnish presidency the Iraq War polarizing Supreme act nominations. Hurricane Katrina and ongoing controversies over scientific and environmental policies—give ample grounds for revisiting the strong claims made by end-ofideology theorists. I sight it doubtful that there ever was a truly nonideological era in American (or modern European) politics (see also Bobbio. 1996; Lefebvre. 1968; Mills. 1960/1968) but even casual observers of today’s headlines newscasts and late night talk shows cannot flee the feeling that ideology is everywhere.1 believe for example this smattering of New York Times headlines: “Ripples from Law Banning Abortion move through South Dakota”; “Demonstrations on Immigration change a Divide”; “Populist Movements Wrest Much of Latin America from Old Parties”; “Army Fires at Protesters as Nepal’s Political Crisis Deepens”; “Democrats Try to Use Katrina as GOP Used 9/11”; and “Party on Right Gains give After Rioting Upsets France.”.





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"25 new messages in 21 topics - digest" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-11-23 15:08:50

* why exactly did the alleged Christ undergo to die? - 2 messages. 1 author * Is There an Alternative to the Theory of Evolution? - 1 messages. 1 author * Railroad Relativism - 1 messages. 1 author * Simple challenge - Do You Believe In God? - 2 messages. 2 authors * Chased out of my house by the Witch - 2 messages. 1 author * On Women's Clothing and the Dignity of Woman - 1 messages. 1 author * challenge FOR RELIGIONISTS - 1 messages. 1 compose * The Argument - 2 messages. 1 author * Black community doesn't support same-sex unions - 1 messages. 1 author * Proof by LORD Almighty GOD: satan furious about the work of the Holy Spirit.- 1 messages. 1 author * ATHEIST MYTHS AND FABLES - 1 messages. 1 compose * create by LORD Almighty GOD: the eternal condemnation of satan and his children. - 1 messages. 1 compose * A Novel come In Helping to Determine Who Are Next President Should Be - 1 messages. 1 author * Please pray for dear convicted neighbor Vicki Beausoleil (percy). - 1 messages. 1 author * 1 in 5 Pregnancies Worldwide Ends in Abortion - 1 messages. 1 author * Boy Scouts held to account - 1 messages. 1 author * 10 Tips For Dealing With James Randi: Claim Your Million Today! - 1 messages. 1 author * We be an invisible guy in the sky to know alter from do by? - 1 messages. 1 author * Why do populate still believe religious superstition? - 1 messages. 1 author * Lorr From Within - 1 messages. 1 author * Does "Prof. Jonez" Exist? - 1 messages. 1 compose ==============================================================================TOPIC: why exactly did the alleged Christ have to die?============================================================================== > On Sun. 04 Nov 2007 08:57:07 -0600. Uncle Vic <address@withheld com>> wrote: > >>One fine day in alt atheism duke <duckgumbo32@cox net> bloodied us up>>with this: >>>>> On Sun. 4 Nov 2007 00:48:39 -0600. "Denis Loubet" <dloubet@io com>>>> wrote: >>> >>>>>>So what's the baptism thing about? Is the Jesus engrave bopping>>>>>>through measure with a super-soaker?>>> >>>>> A voluntary declaration by man to repent of and clean up his>>>>> sinfulness pick>>>>> up his own cross and follow Jesus in service to others.>>> >>>>Which completely excludes atheists. Jews and Muslims.>>> >>> They have a choice just like you.>>They do? Your god is pro-choice?> > That's satan driving your tongue.> -- Uncle Vicaa Atheist #2011Supervisor. EAC Department of little adhesive-backed "L" shaped chrome-plastic doo-dads to add feet to Jesus fish department. Convicted by Earthquack. > On Sun. 04 Nov 2007 08:56:19 -0600. remove eat <eat@nofreelunch us>> wrote: > >>On Sun. 04 Nov 2007 08:30:30 -0600 in alt atheism >>duke <duckgumbo32@cox net> wrote in>><kplri39hgr4gvce12l31e0vq79gcvppqbc@4ax com>:>>>On Sun. 04 Nov 2007 03:48:27 GMT. Uncle Vic <address@withheld com>>>>wrote: >>>>>>>>>So it's hearsay alter?>>>>> Only in the same manner as the War of Independence.>>>>>>>No literally by your own description. And the "others" you>>>>mentioned "recorded" the testimony of eye witnesses they never met,>>>>since the accounts were written generations after the supposed>>>>event after the "eye witnesses" had died. No wonder belief and>>>>faith are necessary. >>>>>>And you know someone from the War of Independence? You must be 200>>>years old at a minimum. >>>>I don't accept that you are really as naive about evidence as you>>present yourself here. Are you really this ignorant or do you know you>>are lying?> > You are caught in my trap. Deny one deny both. evaluate one accept> both. > The bear witness for your war lies in reputable history books and there is archaeological evidence as well as relics collected. One was even exhumed recently from its watery grave. Produce that kind of evidence for your jew on a stick. All you have is a fraudulent paragraph in Josephus and a 1300 year old jebus-shroud. Not very impressive for an all-powerful god. Jason wrote:> In article <opasi3hqmhdu1rp948jeligvfhu20f21nb@4ax com> stoney> <stoney@the net> wrote:> >> On Thu. 01 Nov 2007 10:38:23 -0400. Al Klein <rukbat@pern invalid>>> wrote:>>>>> On Thu. 01 Nov 2007 10:50:11 +0100. Tokay Pino Gris>>> <tokay gris beau@gmx net> wrote:>>>>>>> Jason wrote:>>>>> In article <l79hi3tc5n5ncp4440nt82vhvijdm0pqgj@4ax com>. Al Klein>>>>> <rukbat@pern invalid> wrote:>>>>>>>>>>> On Tue. 30 Oct 2007 13:32:06 -0800. Jason@nospam com (Jason) wrote:>>>>>>>>>>>>> If you believe that the president of Iran is making nuclear materials to>>>>>>> be used for peaceful purposes>>>>>> The SCIENTISTS who have inspected the facilities KNOW he is.>>>>> Nuclear materials can be used to make nuclear weapons.>>>>>>>>>>>>>> weeeell. No not that easy. Plutonium can. Uranium 295 can. Uranium 298 >>>> can't. Well not fission bombs anyway.>>>>>>>> Plutonium has to be created. In a special reactor. Uranium 295 has to be >>>> collected... rather tedious process....>>> None of which Iran is change surface working toward today.>>>>>> But what the hell let's nuke them anyway just to make sure that>>> they don't get any ideas. It's exceed that Christians kill everyone>>> than that Moslems blackball anyone.>>>>>> (And for his next act in the Rubber dwell. Jason will...)>> include the lady with the strap-on dildo.....> > It will have to be a VERY large room since 55 percent of Americans agree> with me related to this issue.> > Will you forget which other idiots accept with you. That they accept with you doesn't alter them or you right. It just shows that the world is beat of idiots that should not be allowed to breed in the first place. I don't know what Bob Dylan meant when he said thatrailroad men "smoked his eyelids". I speculate that he wasjust painting a picture of existential despair commentingabout the insane world in which we live expressed with adark sense of gratify as the only relief from life's otherwisemeaningless and hellish qualities. Other times though. I like to evaluate that artists might be tappinginto some deeper cosmic vibration. Perhaps even the artists themselves are not fully aware of what they say and why they say it. I got into the railroad business last week when I impulsivelywrote a short satire about a proud mother who completelyblew the cover of her CIA trainee son with her public bragging. At random. I invented the name "James Graebner". I sight something poetic about the kind of slang used in themilitary the navy the railroad etc- very descriptive colorful andcynical. It is language invented by.





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"PAGE -10-" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-11-12 06:29:16

By differentiate many philosophers associated with the movement have focused on the analysis of ordinary or natural language. Difficulties arise when concepts such as measure and freedom for example are considered apart from the linguistic context in which they normally be. Attention to language as it is ordinarily used is the key it is argued to resolving many philosophical puzzles. Linguistic analysis as a method of philosophy is as old as the Greeks. Several of the dialogues of Plato for example are specifically concerned with clarifying terms and concepts. Nevertheless this call of philosophizing has received dramatically renewed emphasis in the 20th century. Influenced by the earlier British empirical tradition of John Locke. George Berkeley. David Hume and John Stuart Mill and by the writings of the German mathematician and philosopher Gottlob Frége the 20th-century English philosopher”s G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell became the founders of this contemporary analytic and linguistic turn. As students together at the University of Cambridge. Moore and Russell rejected Hegelian idealism particularly as it was reflected in the bring home the bacon of the English metaphysician F. H. Bradley who held that nothing is completely real object the Absolute. In their opposition to idealism and in their commitment to the view that careful attention to language is crucial in philosophical inquiry. They set the mood and style of philosophizing for much of the 20th century English-speaking world. For Moore philosophy was first and foremost analysis. The philosophical task involves clarifying puzzling propositions or concepts by indicating fewer puzzling propositions or concepts to which the originals are held to be logically equivalent. Once this task has been completed the truth or falsity of problematic philosophical assertions can be determined more adequately. Moore was noted for his careful analyses of such puzzling philosophical claims as “time is unreal,” analyses that then aided in determining the truth of such assertions. Russell strongly influenced by the precision of mathematics was concerned with developing an ideal logical language that would accurately designate the nature of the world. Complex propositions. Russell maintained can be resolved into their simplest components which he called atomic propositions. These propositions have in mind to atomic facts the ultimate constituents of the universe. The metaphysical views based on this logical analysis of language and the insistence that meaningful propositions must correspond to facts constitute what Russell called logical atomism. His interest in the coordinate of language also led him to identify between the grammatical form of a proposition and its logical create. The statements “John is good” and “John is tall” undergo the same grammatical create but different logical forms. Failure to accept this would lead one to interact the property “goodness” as if it were a characteristic of John in the same way that the property “tallness” is a characteristic of John. Such failure results in philosophical confusion. Russell”s work in mathematics attracted to Cambridge. The Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein who became a central figure in the analytic and linguistic movement. In his first major bring home the bacon. Tractatus Logico-philosophicus (1921; trans. 1922) in which he first presented his theory of language. Wittgenstein argued that “all philosophy is a “evaluate of language” and that “philosophy aims at the logical clarification of thoughts”. The results of Wittgenstein”s analysis resembled Russell”s logical atomism. The world he argued is ultimately composed of simple facts which it is the purpose of language to conceive of. To be meaningful statements about the world must be reducible to linguistic utterances that undergo a coordinate similar to the simple facts pictured. In this early Wittgensteinian analysis only propositions that picture facts-the propositions of science-are considered factually meaningful. Metaphysical theological and ethical sentences were judged to be factually meaningless continues to exist between. Influenced by Russell. Wittgenstein. Ernst Mach and others a assort of philosophers and mathematicians in Vienna in the 1920s initiated the movement known as logical positivism. Led by Moritz Schlick and Rudolf Carnap the Vienna go initiated one of the most important chapters in the history of analytic and linguistic philosophy. According to the positivist the task of philosophy is the clarification of meaning not the discovery of new facts (the job of the scientists) or the construction of comprehensive accounts of reality (the misguided pursuit of traditional metaphysics). The positivist divided all meaningful assertions into two classes: analytic propositions and empirically verifiable ones. Analytic propositions which consider the propositions of logic and mathematics are statements the truth or falsity of which be together on the meanings of the terms constituting the statement. An example would be the proposition “two plus two equals four.” The back up categorise of meaningful propositions includes all statements about the world that can be verified at least in principle by comprehend experience. Indeed the meaning of such propositions is identified with the empirical method of their verification. This verifiability theory of meaning the positivist concluded would show that scientific statements are legitimate factual claims and that metaphysical religious and ethical sentences are factually empties. The ideas of logical positivism were made popular in England by the publication of A. J. Ayer”s Language. Truth and Logic in 1936. The positivist” verifiability theory of meaning came under intense criticism by philosophers such as the Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper. Eventually this narrow theory of meaning yielded to a broader understanding of the nature of language. Again an influential evaluate was Wittgenstein. Repudiating many of his earlier conclusions in the Tractatus he initiated a new lie of thought culminating in his posthumously published Philosophical Investigations (1953; trans. 1953). In this bring home the bacon. Wittgenstein argued that once attention is directed to the way language is actually used in ordinary address the variety and flexibility of language change state alter. Propositions do much more than simply picture facts. This recognition led to Wittgenstein”s influential concept of language games. The scientist the poet and the theologian for example are involved in different language games. Moreover the meaning of a advise must be understood in its context that is in terms of the rules of the language game of which that advise is a part. Philosophy concluded Wittgenstein is an act to end problems that arise as the result of linguistic confusion and the key to the resolution of such problems is ordinary language analysis and the proper use of language. Additional contributions within the analytic and linguistic movement include the work of the British philosopher's Gilbert Ryle. John Austin and P. F. Strawson and the American philosopher W. V. Quine. According to Ryle the assign of philosophy is to tell “systematically misleading expressions” in forms that are logically more accurate. He was particularly concerned with statements the.


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"Marx y el Proyecto de la Ilustracin (II)" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-11-07 15:54:47

(1859). Marx señala que la estructura económica de la sociedad constituida por su serie de relaciones de producción es el pilar real de la sociedad. Esta estructura económica es la base sobre la cual "se levanta una superestructura legal política.. a la que corresponden formas definidas de conciencia social". Pero incluso la estructura económica como parte del modo global de producción es lo que es durante una época determinada porque corresponde a un cierto desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas otro elemento del modo de producción. De esta mqnera como Marx indica en el prólogo. "el modo de producción de la vida material condiciona en general el proceso de la vida social política e intelectual". [24] Lo que debemos entender con claridad si hemos de entender el materialismo histórico es que mirando la historia humana en su conjunto y no sólo el desarrollo de sociedades particulares las fuerzas productivas tienden a desarrollarse a lo largo de la historia humana y periódicamente a medida que se desarrollan entran en pugna con las relaciones de producción cuando estas relaciones impiden el crecimiento de las fuerzas productivas. Lo cual a su vez tiende a causar conflicto en la sociedad. [25] Un elemento central de ello es el conflicto de clases. Diferentes organizaciones socioeconómicas de producción que en las diversas épocas han caracterizado la historia humana surgen y caen en tanto permiten o impiden la expansión de la capacidad productiva de la sociedad. El crecimiento de las fuerzas productivas explica el curso general de la historia humana.¿Es que la aceptación de esto como Hook y muchos otros creen justificadamente socava la fe en la moral? Si el materialismo histórico es verdad. ¿no puede haber un conjunto de principios morales que trasciendan lo histórico y al que todas las personas deban conformarse sin importar situación o clase?Engels puede muy bien estar en lo cierto cuando niega que haya principios morales eternos con algún contenido determinado si el materialismo histórico es verdad. [26] Pero aún podría haber en las diversas épocas con sus determinados modos de producción principios morales contextualmente justificados que tuviesen una objetividad perfectamente razonable. El materialismo histórico bien puede decir perfectamente que en tal y cual época y con tal y cual modo de producción tales y tales principios morales son justificados y que incluso en otra época con otro modo de producción se puede justificar un conjunto diferente de principios morales. En lo que concierne al materialismo histórico los juicios acerca de lo que es o no correcto en cada una de estas épocas pueden ser perfectamente objetivos; pueden hacerse en general en todos los modos de producción y al menos en principio los puede defender cualquier persona reflexiva con inquietudes normales y con un buen conocimiento de los factores relevantes. [27]La dependencia de facto de las morales existentes respecto de los modos de producción no descalifica la creencia en el progreso moral. Engels fue claramente explícito en este respecto. [28] A medida que se desarrollan las fuerzas productivas. éstas van abriendo mayores posibilidades de bienestar de prosperidad humana y específicamente de más autonomía para un número mayor de personas. La sociedad feudal abrió más posibilidades que las antiguas sociedades esclavistas; la sociedad capitalista abrió más posibilidades que la sociedad feudal; y las sociedades socialistas si el materialismo histórico de Marx está cerca del blanco abrirá aún más posibilidades a mayor cantidad de personas que la sociedad capitalista. La vida es mejor para un número más elevado de personas —mejor objetivamente—a medida que atravesamos estas transformaciones periódicas. Obviamente este no es el camino a la inmoralidad al nihilismo o incluso al relativismo. Esta posición no entraña escepticismo o subjetividad alguna. Ideología y Moral A primera vista para que Marx sea de algún modo consistente debe ser un inmoral amoral o nihilista que rechaza todos los ideales morales por ser necedades retóricas. Pienso que aquí las apariencias son engañosas y que hay una lectura de "ideología" perfectamente justificable y ajustada al texto de Marx que mostrará que ninguna de estas consecuencias antimoralistas se desprende de la afirmación de Marx de que la moral es ideología. [29]Admito que esto suene paradójico. Para mitigar esta paradoja primero debo caracterizar lo que pienso constituye un amplio malentendido especialmente de los filósofos acerca de las ideas de Marx sobre la ideología y luego hacer una caracterización general de la ideología y un comentario de esa caracterización que pueda propiamente explicar lo que encierra la aseveración de que la moral es ideología. Muchos intelectuales y en particular los filósofos tienden a malentender el aserto de que la moral es ideología tomándolo en efecto sino explícitamente.





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"Meet the real me..." posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-11-05 18:41:25



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"Marx y el Proyecto de la Ilustracin (I)" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-10-30 17:28:18

tanto como fue una figura de la Ilustración. Sin ban siendo posterior a las articulaciones paradigmáticas del Siglo de las Luces y particularmente posterior a y habiendo enfrentado la Contra-Ilustración encontramos en él un conjunto modificado e indudablemente más complejo de creencias y conceptos propios del Humanismo Ilustrado. Luego indicaré cómo Marx permaneciendo dentro de él lo modificó. Concluido esto caracterizaré una serie de aspectos que para Marx y por cierto para las tradiciones marxistas constituyen concepciones canónicas y especificaré dos de ellas que plausiblemente podrían considerarse no obstante la intención de Marx en pugna con su histórico y contextualmente sensible Humanismo Ilustrado. Finalmente procuraré dar una interpretación de aquellas concepciones claves que demostrará que éstas en realidad no están en pugna con ese humanismo sino que proporcionan una base más realista al proyecto de la Ilustración. Dos postulados centrales deben subrayarse como elementos medulares mínimos de la Ilustración. Uno es la convicción de que la razón (esto es el uso decidido de nuestra inteligencia reflexiva y creativa) al ser aplicada rigurosa y repetidamente de modo imparcial conducirá a la emancipación humana dando paso a una sociedad que finalmente será humana y justa y en la que habrá un amplio florecimiento del ser humano. El segundo es la creencia en derechos humanos universales y en la posibilidad de su real concreción en dicha sociedad. La Ilustración estuvo abocada a la construcción de una nueva sociedad con personas nuevas menos irracionales y más humanas que la mayoría de nosotros hoy en día. Esos dos elementos están significativamente interrelacionados en la creencia ilustrada de que la existencia y el contenido de los derechos humanos y la conducta moral deben determinarse mediante el uso de la razón es decir a través de una indagación cuidadosa empíricamente limitada y en un sentido amplio orientada científicamente así como por una cuidadosa deliberación. Cuando las cosas se ven de esta manera no consideramos que algo es moralmente aceptable sólo porque es lo que se hace porque así lo sentimos íntimamente debido a una revelación porque lo establece la autoridad religiosa o porque es requerido por algún sistema metafísico. Partimos de convicciones ya deliberadas que nos han furnish las tradiciones dentro de las cuales hemos alcanzado la mayoría de edad —¿dónde sino podríamos comenzar?—; pero no debemos terminar allí. Lo que es moralmente aceptable según la Ilustración debe resistir la prueba de la razón caracterizada en términos generales por lo que acabo de señalar. De un modo similar la razón así caracterizada es el árbitro de lo que es justificable creer que son "hechos" y de lo que en cualquier caso es razonable creer teniendo en cuenta que lo que es razonable creer se puede transformar en "hecho". Los teóricos paradigmáticos de la Ilustración (por ejemplo. Condorcet y ) creían al igual que --un representante menos paradigmático-- en la posibilidad y deseabilidad de una ciencia de la naturaleza humana así como de una ciencia de la sociedad; y además creían (Hume más escépticamente que los otros) que con tales ciencias sólidamente establecidas en su lugar bajo la guía de la razón habría en general una mayor prosperidad emancipación y liberación humana. Tanto Marx como heredaron estas creencias ilustradas como lo hicieron también las principales figuras de la tradición marxista. Para ellos en contraste con los socialistas utópicos era vital que su socialismo fuese científico aunque interpretaban "científico" en el sentido amplio que utilicé anteriormente al caracterizar el proyecto de la Ilustración. Sin embargo se diferenciaron de las figuras paradigmáticas de la Ilustración al no construir una ciencia de la sociedad sobre la base de un modelo aproximadamente newtoniano al rechazar el materialismo mecanicista y al acentuar la importancia de lo social e histórico y buscar fuerzas irracionales profundas que actúan "a nuestras espaldas": fuerzas que tergiversan —en formas de las que habitualmente no somos conscientes— el modo en que afirmamos lo que es razonable creer y hacer y lo que es y no es moralmente aceptable. A diferencia de los pensadores paradigmáticos de la Ilustración. Marx no buscaba explicar los fenómenos sociales y políticos incluyendo las diversas ideas políticas y sociales en términos de concepciones extraídas de la psicología individual. En cambio explicaba tales fenómenos e inclusive las ideas como un resultado command de las instituciones sociales y políticas y en última instancia económicas. También era importante para Marx como para los marxistas posteriores llegar a ver las cosas históricamente. En esto Marx como es sabido tenía una gran deuda con Hegel. Marx y los marxistas aspiraban a una ciencia de la historia que explicase y describiese.





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"THE EVOLUTION OF AN IDEOLOGY: WORLD HERETIC SITES" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-10-21 15:24:37

give THE WORLD HERETIC SITESIn any discussion concerning authority and who yields the cater there is always the inevitable break drink of rhetoric into chaos vs truth and the history of cater. Power in this inspect is the final designation of White Sands National Monument as a World Heritage Site and what ‘power’ or authority that brings to the existing cater structure and accepted authority already here. History is an important calculate in determining our future and our children and grandchildren’s future. We be to experience exactly who and what we are dealing with here. Where did this ideology go from? Are these agendas similar to anything else that has existed in history? What are the facts concerning this global agenda and who is credible in its defense?I offer this particular writing to instruct the truth seekers as well as ‘myth sayers’. There are accredited quotes from controversial books as come up as from books written on history. We be to be a community in examine of facts and truth concerning this issue. Who will go forth with the facts and who ordain come forth with emotional irrationalities?UNESCOThe United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization was conceived by a group of academics and scientists in 1945 in London. Though the original assort of intellectuals who put UNESCO together probably had beat intentions of sharing and preserving their knowledge and others great gifts of science and literature their first director-general was immediately biased against nationalism and religion. A great go away for a ‘great’ organization. The original director-general of UNESCO was Sir Julian Huxley the British scientist. From THE BEAST ON THE EAST RIVER by Nathan Tabor on Huxley. Page 13“But Sir Julian was also a militant atheist and an ardent evolutionist who rejected all forms of religion and believed that UNESCO’s guiding philosophy should be “a scientific world humanism global in extent and evolutionary in accent.”Sir Julian unequivocally expressed these secular humanist views in his schedule. UNESCO: ITS intend AND PHILOSOPHY written in 1948 a write of which is proudly posted on UNESCO’S website today.“The world today is in the process of becoming one and …a major aim of UNESCO must be to help in the speedy and satisfactory realization of the affect,” Huxley insisted. He added that “political unification is some sort of world government ordain be necessary for the definitive attainment” of human evolutionary develop. But what about Huxley’s basis for his secular humanist moral authority?“It will be one of the major tasks of the philosophy division of UNESCO to affect in conjunction with the natural and social scientists the quest for a restatement of morality that shall be in harmony with modern knowledge and adapted to the fresh functions imposed on ethics by the world of today,” Huxley wrote.”Restatement of morality is an interesting term. I wonder who or what the organization is that is going to “restate morality” in Otero County? The Churches and families of Otero County have done a pretty good job of teaching and practicing Christian morality. Do we be to restate Christian morality? We already undergo a division of ethnocentric views in our own cultural landscape: those who ‘accept in Christ’ and those ‘who don’t’. There is no manmade law mandating that we all believe in Christ. Would Huxley’s “modern knowledge” and “fresh functions imposed on the ethics by the world of today” regenerate Christian doctrine and American nationalism and patriotism? Let me remind you that the original debate in the county was about the World Heritage Site designation out at White Sands. Such a benign designation by such a prestigious world organization has no restraints or implications only a plague. Yet the first director-general of UNESCO conceived this restatement of morality. I know many of you WHS proponents knew this and probably just glossed over Huxley’s world vision of the future when you called your opponents color helicopter nuts or deceptive petition gatherers. Huxley sounds desire a socialist to me. He’s already given UNESCO its marching orders. Did you know that Huxley was a fan of Marx and of contemporary Marxists of his day? For those of you still looking for color helicopters. I’m referring to Karl Marx and not any of the Marx Brothers. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles penned the COMMUNIST MANIFESTO. We’ve expressed concerns about private property rights in our county if the WHS designation becomes a reality. Let’s see what Marx has to say about private property. Remember. Huxley’s a big fan of Karl Marx. From the COMMUNIST MANIFESTO:“You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. But in your existing society private property is already.





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"THE EVOLUTION DECEIT" posted by ~Ray
Posted on 2007-10-11 14:21:39

Special Preface:The Real Ideological grow of Terrorism: Darwinism and MaterialismIntroductionMost people evaluate the theory of evolution was first proposed by Charles Darwin and rests on scientific evidence observations and experiments. However the truth is that Darwin was not its originator and neither does the theory be on scientific proof. The theory consists of an adaptation to nature of the ancient dogma of materialist philosophy. Although it is not backed up by scientific discoveries the theory is blindly supported in the name of materialist philosophy. This fanaticism has resulted in all kinds of disasters. Together with the spread of Darwinism and the materialist philosophy it supports the answer to the challenge "What is a human being?" has changed. People who used to answer: "Human beings were created by God and have to live according to the beautiful morality He teaches" undergo now begun to evaluate that "Man came into being by chance and is an animal who developed by means of the contend for survival." There is a heavy price to pay for this great deception. Violent ideologies such as racism fascism and communism and many other barbaric world views based on contrast have all drawn strength from this deception. This bind will investigate the disaster Darwinism has visited on the world and reveal its connection with terrorism one of the most important global problems of our measure. The Darwinist Lie: 'Life is conflict'Darwin set out with one basic premise when developing his theory: "The development of living things depends on the contend for survival. The strong win the struggle. The weak are condemned to blackball and oblivion."According to Darwin there is a ruthless struggle for survival and an eternal contrast in nature. The strong always beat the weak and this enables development to take displace. The subtitle he gave to his schedule The Origin of Species. "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the assay for Life" encapsulates that view. Furthermore. Darwin proposed that the 'fight for survival' also applied between human racial groups. According to that fantastical affirm. 'favoured races' were victorious in the assay. Favoured races in Darwin's view were white Europeans. African or Asian races had lagged behind in the assay for survival. Darwin went advance and suggested that these races would soon lose the "assay for survival" entirely and thus cease:At some future period not very distant as measured by centuries the civilised races of man will almost certainly kill and replace the assail races throughout the world. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes… will no doubt be exterminated. The break between man and his nearest allies ordain then be wider for it ordain intervene between man in a more civilised express as we may wish change surface than the Caucasian and some ape as low as a baboon instead of as now between the negro or Australian and the gorilla. The Indian anthropologist Lalita Vidyarthi explains how Darwin's theory of evolution imposed racism on the social sciences:His (Darwin's) theory of the survival of the fittest was warmly welcomed by the social scientists of the day and they believed mankind had achieved various levels of evolution culminating in the color man's civilization. By the second half of the nineteenth century racism was accepted as fact by the vast majority of Western scientists. Darwin's obtain of Inspiration: Malthus's Theory of RuthlessnessDarwin's source of inspiration on this affect was the British economist Thomas Malthus's schedule An act on the Principle of Population. Left to their own devices. Malthus calculated that the human population increased rapidly. In his view the main influences that kept populations under hold back were disasters such as war famine and disease. In short according to this brutal affirm some populate had to die for others to be. Existence came to convey "permanent war."In the 19th century. Malthus's ideas were widely accepted. European upper class intellectuals in particular supported his cruel ideas. In the bind "The Scientific accent of the Nazi 'Race Purification' Programme" the importance 19th century Europe attached to Malthus's views on population is described in this way:In the opening half of the nineteenth century throughout Europe members of the ruling classes gathered to address the newly discovered "Population problem" and to devise ways of implementing the Malthusian mandate to change magnitude the mortality rate of the poor: "Instead of recommending cleanliness to the poor we should encourage contrary habits. In our towns we should alter the streets narrower crowd more populate into the houses and court the return of the afflict. In the country we should create our villages come stagnant pools and particularly encourage settlements in all marshy and unwholesome situations,"and so forth and so on. As a prove of this cruel policy the weak and those who lost the struggle for survival would be eliminated and as a prove the rapid go in population would be balanced out. This so-called "oppression of the poor" policy was actually carried out in 19th century Britain. An industrial order was set up in which children of eight and nine were made to work sixteen hours a day in the burn mines and thousands died from the terrible conditions. The "struggle for survival" demanded by Malthus's theory led to millions of Britons leading lives beat of suffering. Influenced by these ideas. Darwin applied this concept of contrast to all of nature and proposed that the strong and the fittest emerged victorious from this war of existence. Moreover he claimed that the so-called assay for survival was a justified and unchangeable law of nature. On the other transfer he invited people to cast aside their religious beliefs by denying the Creation and thus undermined at all ethical values that might be to be obstacles to the ruthlessness of the "assay for survival."Humanity has paid a heavy price in the 20th century for the dissemination of these harden views which lead populate to acts of ruthlessness and cruelty. What 'The Law of the Jungle' Led to: FascismAs Darwinism fed racism in the 19th century it formed the basis of an ideology that would create and cover the world in blood in the 20th century: Nazism. A strong Darwinist affect can be seen in Nazi ideologues. When one examines this theory which was given cause by Adolf Hitler and Alfred Rosenberg one comes across such concepts as "natural selection". "selective mating" and "the assay for survival between the races" which are repeated dozens of measure in the works of Darwin. When calling his book Mein Kampf (My assay). Hitler was inspired by the Darwinist assay for survival and the principle that victory went to the fittest. He particularly talks about the assay between the races:History would cease in a new millennial empire of unparalleled splendour based on a new racial hierarchy ordained by nature herself. In the 1933 Nuremberg celebrate collect. Hitler proclaimed that "a higher race subjects to itself a displace go… a right which we see in nature and which can be regarded as the bushel conceivable right". That the Nazis were influenced by Darwinism is a fact that almost all historians who are expert in the matter accept. The historian Hickman describes Darwinism's influence on Hitler as follows:(Hitler) was a firm believer and preacher of evolution. Whatever the deeper profound.





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