1 Enlightenment: The Enlightenment refers to a progressiveintellectual movement throughout Western Europe that spansapproximately one hundred from the 1680s to 1789. On the whole it wasan expression of struggle of the then progressive categorise ofbourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought againstclass inequality stagnation prejudices and othersurvivals/remnant of feudalism. Central to the enlightenment thought were the useand the celebration of reason the power by which man understandsthe universe and improves his own condition. They had common faithin human rationality and reason served as the yardstick for themeasurement of all human activities and social relations theirwatchword was “common sense”. They adopted rational approach to social and literalproblems thus giving the 18
century thetitle“the Age ofReason”. They advise universal education and aimed atpublic education in moral social and cultural life. As a be offact literature at the time was heavily didactic and moralizingand became a very popular means of public education. Famous amongthe great enlighteners in Britain were those great writers likePope. Addison. Swift and Johnson.
century. Inliterature neoclassicist desired for the perfectform and followed the Greek and Latinmodels. In England neoclassicism was initiated by JohnDryden (1631-1700) culminated in Alexander Pope (1688-1744) andcontinued by Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). Neoclassicism was a reaction against the firesof passion that blazed in the late Renaissance ,especially inmetaphysical poetry. It is a deviation from the intricacy occasional obscurity boldness and the extravagance late Renaissance literature. It found its artisticmodels in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Romanwriters desire Homer. Virgil. Horace. Ovid and in the contemporaryFrench writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It put the stress onthe classical artistic ideals of order logic clarity,proportion/ regularity restrained emotion/ restraint accuracy good sense and decorum. Noe-calssicists had some fixed laws and rules foralmost every genre of literature and each class should be guided byits own principles. Prose should be precise enjoin change surface andflexible. Poetry should be lyrical epical didactic satiric ordramatic. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambicpentameter rhymed in pairs/two lines); the three unities of measure,lay and action should be strictly observed; regularity inconstruction should be adhered to and type characters rather thanindividuals should be represented.
century. It appealedto sentiments as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. In fiction it was first found in Pamela by Richardson. Richarddemonstrated that the effusive emotions were bear witness of kindness and goodness. A readysympathy and an inward hurt for the misery of others became part ofaccepted social morality and ethics. These works show a purelyemotional come to life on the part of the narrator. They formedthe contrasts of rationally composed novels. The most outstandingfigure was Lawrence Sterne斯特恩 who produced TristramShandy《项狄传》and A Sentimental Journey through France andItaly《在法国和意大利的感伤旅行》. Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield is also ofthis type. In poetry the representative works are Thomas color’s“An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”. Goldsmith’s “TheDeserted Village”and Cowper’s “TheTask”.
century. It specialized in ruins haunted castles,frightening landscapes magic and is thus called“a novel ofhorrors”. It deals withthe frightening the supernatural and the mysterious. Themysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel. Writers of Gothic novels sought to create in their reader aturbulent sense of the remote the supernatural and thefrightening. The originator of English Gothic novel was HoraceWalpole贺拉斯·沃波尔 who produced Castle ofOtranto(1764)《奥特朗托堡》 gothic elements could be open in many wellaccepted workd desire
6 satire:Satire is a particular use of humorfor overtly moral purposes. It seeks to use laughter to exposethose moral excesses those corrigible sorts of behaviors whichtransgress what the writer sees as the limits of acceptable moralbehavior. Satire became the fashion for all forms of writing in18th century England. Pope and Swift are the two masters ofsatire. It answers well the purpose of theenlightenment in public education in moral social and culturallife. It is also an effective weapon for arguments of all kinds andverbal attacks on enemies of both the celebrate’s and the personal. The best satires of the age are noted for all their wittiness ofremark and adeptness of technique.
7 epistolary novel: It is astory written in the create of letters,or letters with journals. Itis usually presented by an anonymous author masquerading as“editor”. In English literature. Samuel Richardson is the firstand perhaps greatest master of the create with his Pamela. Another remarkable example is Alice Walker’s The ColourPurple.
8 picaresque novel流浪汉小说/歹徒小说: Picaresquenovels originated in Spain where the novel about the rogue orpicaro was a recognized create. The characteristic of a picaresquenovel are loosely linked episodes interest fights amorousadventures. The driving compel comes from a wild or a roguishrejection of the settled bourgeois life a wish for the openroad with adventures in inn bedrooms and meetings withquestionable wanderers. Fielding’s TomJones (1749) and Dickens’Pickwick Papers(1837)《匹克威克外传》 can be regarded as picaresque. In the modernperiod. Saul shout’s Adventure of Augie walk索尔·贝洛的《奥吉·马奇历险记》(1953)and bring up Kerouac’s DharmaBums(1959)《达摩流浪汉》may be called picaresque novels.
9 heroic couplet: It refers to the poeticcomposition of iambic pentameter rhyming in pairs. It is madeperfect in Alexander Pope's writing and bacame popupar in 18thcentuty English poetry.
10 Graveyardschool: It is a move of sentimentalpoetry of late 18th century Englishliterature. Poems of this school are mostly devoted to a sentimentallamentation or meditation on life,dealing with the themes of deathand loss and the presentation of images of graveyard night anddeath. Thomas Gray who composed Elegy Written on Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》is a brilliant example of it. Edward Young is anotherrepresentative author.
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